So the environment never causes a particular mutation to occur? Or, any mutation may occur in any environment?
I believe I have read somewhere on these boards that when some metabolic genes in bacteria are made to work overtime as a result of their environment, they become more likely to mutate than is otherwise the case. Hopefully whoever posted the link the first time around will post it again.
However, this does not predispose towards a
particular mutation, it just increases the likelihood of a mutation in a particular place.
And of course any such mutation
could happen in an environment which was not particularly stressing the gene.
So yes, you're right. Even in this special case, the environment cannot be said to cause a
particular mutation, nor will the mutations that arise be impossible in other environments.
The reason is that the copying mechanisms in the cell can't
think --- they can't say to themselves ... hmm, the environment is like
this ... so my offspring would be better off if
this protein was like
that ... which I could achieve by miscopying a T as an A just
here ...
(We might imagine a mechanism that toggled between two versions of a gene in response to environmental stimuli, that would be fascinating. But there can be nothing in the cell with the intelligence to perform general tasks of genetic engineering.)