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Author Topic:   Introduction To Geology quiz
NoNukes
Inactive Member


(1)
Message 4 of 29 (697983)
05-02-2013 10:32 AM
Reply to: Message 3 by Pressie
05-02-2013 6:13 AM


190 Questions!
Here is a table of contents for people who might want to try an open book approach to the exam. I've included some links to Dr. Adequate's text.

    Introduction
  • Course objectives
  • Course outline
  • Note on sources
  • Acknowledgments





    Igneous rocks
  • Introduction
  • Texture
  • Chemistry
  • Igneous structures
  • How do we know?
  • Note on vocabulary
  • Theory
  • Prediction
  • Observation
  • Explanatory inference
  • Another prediction
  • Observation
  • Explanatory inference

    Sedimentary rocks
  • Introduction
  • Types of sedimentary rocks
  • Clastic sedimentary rocks
  • Chemical sedimentary rocks
  • Biochemical sedimentary rocks
  • Modes of deposition
  • How do we know?
  • Note on vocabulary

    Metamorphic rocks
  • Introduction
  • Types of metamorphism
  • Chemical changes
  • Metasomatism
  • Textural changes
  • How do we know?


    Chemical weathering
  • Introduction
  • Agents of chemical weathering
  • Chemical weathering of common minerals
  • Summary
  • How do we know?

    Glaciers
  • Introduction
  • Formation and motion of glaciers
  • Types of glacier
  • Erosion associated with glaciers
  • Deposition associated with glaciers
  • Former glaciers: how do we know?

    Deserts
  • Introduction
  • Causes of deserts
  • Deserts and water
  • Deserts and wind
  • Lithified deserts: how do we know?
  • Case study: the Navajo sandstone

    Volcanic Ash
  • Introduction
  • Origin and dispersal of volcanic ash
  • Tuff
  • Volcanic ash: the igneous sediment
  • Volcanic ash and tuff: how do we know?


    Rivers
  • Introduction
  • Braided and meandering rivers
  • Sedimentary structures
  • Vanished rivers: how do we know?
  • Note on superposed and antecedent rivers

    Deltas
  • Introduction
  • The dynamics of a delta
  • Types of delta
  • Former deltas: how do we know?

    Peat swamps and coal
  • Introduction
  • Deposition of peat
  • Peatification and coalification
  • Coal from swamps: how do we know?

    Nearshore sediments
  • Introduction
  • Waves and the nearshore
  • A note on terminology
  • Varieties of nearshore environment
  • Some nearshore sedimentary structures
  • Lithified sedimentary rocks: how do we know?

    Marine sediments
  • Introduction
  • The sea in profile
  • Distribution of marine sediments
  • Types of marine sediment
  • Marine sediments and plate tectonics

    Turbidites
  • Introduction
  • Turbidity currents
  • Turbidity sediments and turbidites
  • Turbidites: how do we know?

    Reefs
  • Introduction
  • What is a reef?
  • Reef-forming organisms
  • Reefs: how do we know?
  • A puzzle and a solution


    Calcareous ooze
  • Introduction
  • Calcareous ooze: what is it?
  • The CCD
  • Rocks from calcareous ooze: how do we know?

    Siliceous Ooze
  • Introduction
  • Siliceous ooze
  • The opal compensation depth
  • Rocks from siliceous ooze: how do we know?

    Pelagic clay
  • Introduction
  • Origin and distribution of pelagic clay
  • Appearance
  • Lithified pelagic clay: how do we know?


    Glacial marine sediment
  • Introduction
  • Deposition of glacial marine sediment
  • Glacial marine sedimentary rocks: how do we know?

    Saline giants
  • Introduction
  • Evaporation of seawater
  • Models for the formation of saline giants
  • Saline giants: what do we know and how do we know it?

    Physical properties of rocks
  • Introduction
  • Stress and strain
  • Tension, compression, and shear
  • Elastic and plastic behavior
  • Application to rocks
  • How do we know?

    Seismic waves
  • Introduction
  • Surface waves and body waves
  • P-waves and S-waves
  • Refraction and least time
  • Partial reflection
  • How do we know?
  • Seismic tomography


    Geomagnetic reversals
  • Introduction
  • Paleomagnetism
  • Geomagnetic reversals
  • Geomagnetic reversals; how do we know?

    Plate tectonics: overview
  • Introduction
  • Plate tectonics: the mechanism
  • Plate tectonics: history
  • A deeper theory?
  • Plate tectonics: how do we know?

    Continental drift
  • Introduction
  • The drift theory
  • How did they know? The initial evidence for drift
  • How do we know? More modern evidence for drift
  • The drift controversy: a historical footnote

    Sea-floor spreading
  • Introduction
  • The nature and role of sea-floor spreading
  • Sea floor spreading: how do we know?

    Subduction
  • Introduction
  • Subduction: an overview
  • Evidence for subduction

    Hotspots
  • Introduction
  • Aseismic ridges
  • Hotspots
  • Hotspots: how do we know, and what do they tell us?

    Terranes
  • Introduction
  • What is a terrane?
  • Terranes: how do we know?
  • Note on vocabulary

    Ophiolites
  • Introduction
  • What is an ophiolite?
  • Ophiolites: how do we know?
  • Note on varieties of ophiolite

    Orogeny
  • Introduction
  • Note on the word "orogeny"
  • Orogenic mechanisms
  • How do we know?
  • Case study: the Himalayas

    Actualism
  • Introduction
  • What is actualism and why?
  • Actualism as a theory
  • Actualism as a methodological principle
  • Naturalism
  • Uniformitarianism

    Steno's principles
  • Introduction
  • The principle of superposition
  • The principle of original horizontality
  • The principle of original continuity
  • Steno's principles and actualism


    Fossils
  • Introduction
  • Formation of fossils
  • Conditions for fossilization
  • Mineralized fossils: how do we know?


    Index fossils
  • Introduction
  • Why do we need index fossils?
  • What makes a good index species?

    The geological column
  • Introduction
  • Construction of the geological column
  • Prolog to a sketch of the geological column
  • A sketch of the geological column
  • The geological column and the geological record
  • The geological column: how do we know?

    Unconformities
  • Introduction
  • What are unconformities, and why do they exist?
  • What do unconformities look like?






    Dendrochronology
  • Introduction
  • How dendrochronology works
  • Limitations of the technique
  • Dendrochronology: how do we know?

    Varves
  • Introduction
  • What is a varve?
  • Varves and absolute dating
  • Varves and cross-dating
  • Varves: how do we know?


    Radioactive decay
  • Introduction
  • Isotopes
  • Radioactive decay
  • Statistics of radioactive decay
  • Invariance of the half-life
  • Radiometric dating

    K-Ar dating
  • Introduction
  • Decay of
  • K-Ar dating
  • Limitations of K-Ar dating

    Ar-Ar dating
  • Introduction
  • The isotopes
  • The method
  • Advantages of the Ar-Ar method

    Rb-Sr dating
  • Introduction
  • The isotopes
  • Strontium in rocks
  • The isochron diagram
  • Confounding factors
  • Mixing



    Radiocarbon dating
  • Introduction
  • The isotopes
  • The terrestrial carbon cycle
  • The method
  • Limitations of the method
  • Comparison with known dates
  • Calibrated dating



    Paleomagnetic dating
  • Introduction
  • Polar wander and dating
  • Magnetic reversals and dating
  • Strengths and weaknesses of the method

    Sclerochronology
  • Introduction
  • Growth patterns in shells and corals
  • Tidal braking
  • Tidal braking and sclerochronology
  • Weaknesses of the method



    Absolute dating: an overview
  • Introduction
  • Basis of the methods
  • Sea-floor spreading
  • Marine sediment
  • Radiometric dating and paleomagnetism
  • Comparison with historical dates
  • Radiocarbon dating, varves, and dendrochronology
  • Radiometric dating, sclerochronology and rhythmites
  • Agreement with relative dating
  • Internal consistency of radiometric dates
  • Mutual consistency of radiometric dates
  • Summary






    Dendroclimatology
  • Introduction
  • How dendrochronology works
  • Difficulties of the method
  • How do we know?

    Scleroclimatology
  • Introduction
  • Oxygen isotopes
  • Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca
  • Difficulties of the method
  • How do we know?

    Uk'37
  • Introduction
  • Alkenones
  • Alkenones in nature
  • Limitations of the method
  • How do we know?
  • Note on terminology

    TEX86
  • Introduction
  • GDGTs
  • Crenarchaeota and temperature
  • How do we know?

    Ice cores
  • Introduction
  • Ice layers
  • Ice core data
  • How do we know?
  • Difficulties with the method


    Climate models
  • Introduction
  • Climate and climate models
  • Accuracy of the models
  • Paleoclimatology in deep time

    Ice ages
  • Introduction
  • Definition of an ice age
  • Glaciations in the geological record
  • Causes of ice ages
  • Ice ages: how do we know?

    Sea level variations
  • Introduction
  • Causes of sea-level changes
  • Local variations
  • The Vail and Hallam curves


    Folds
  • Introduction
  • Origin and appearance of folds
  • Folds: how do we identify them?

    Faults
  • Introduction
  • Causes and appearance of faults
  • Fault rocks

    Lakes
  • Introduction
  • Lakes
  • Lacustrine sediments: how do we know?
  • Note on identifying freshwater organisms

    Chemistry for geologists
  • Introduction
  • Structure of an atom
  • Chemical bonds and molecules
  • Chemical notation
  • Solvents and solutes
  • Isotopes

Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also in prison. Thoreau: Civil Disobedience (1846)
I would say here something that was heard from an ecclesiastic of the most eminent degree; ‘That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how the heaven goes.’ Galileo Galilei 1615.
If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning. Frederick Douglass

This message is a reply to:
 Message 3 by Pressie, posted 05-02-2013 6:13 AM Pressie has not replied

  
NoNukes
Inactive Member


Message 7 of 29 (698121)
05-03-2013 10:05 AM
Reply to: Message 6 by Pressie
05-03-2013 1:04 AM


However, asking such a question about Leonardo really is not really important.
I see a point to such questions. The history of geology is as important as say the history of models of the atom, some of which don't even work, or the development of physics leading to quantum theory. In most courses on those subjects that I've seen at least some of that stuff is testable.
Yes, we could leave the history out of a bare bones course, but why is that necessary here?

Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also in prison. Thoreau: Civil Disobedience (1846)
I would say here something that was heard from an ecclesiastic of the most eminent degree; ‘That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how the heaven goes.’ Galileo Galilei 1615.
If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning. Frederick Douglass

This message is a reply to:
 Message 6 by Pressie, posted 05-03-2013 1:04 AM Pressie has not replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 8 by Dr Adequate, posted 05-03-2013 10:34 AM NoNukes has replied

  
NoNukes
Inactive Member


Message 9 of 29 (698138)
05-03-2013 11:08 AM
Reply to: Message 8 by Dr Adequate
05-03-2013 10:34 AM


a point which hardly needs belaboring
I think Leonardo's musings do attach a reasonably early date (pre 17th century) to some fairly reasonable views about geology, which might be of some use in a Evolution vs Creationism debate. Whatever Leonardo's own religious beliefs may have been, we surely know that his views are not formed out of hatred for the Church.
In any case, here is one vote for a 'history of geology appendix.

Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also in prison. Thoreau: Civil Disobedience (1846)
I would say here something that was heard from an ecclesiastic of the most eminent degree; ‘That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how the heaven goes.’ Galileo Galilei 1615.
If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning. Frederick Douglass

This message is a reply to:
 Message 8 by Dr Adequate, posted 05-03-2013 10:34 AM Dr Adequate has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 10 by Dr Adequate, posted 05-03-2013 6:07 PM NoNukes has seen this message but not replied
 Message 12 by Pressie, posted 05-06-2013 6:49 AM NoNukes has replied

  
NoNukes
Inactive Member


Message 13 of 29 (698400)
05-06-2013 5:30 PM
Reply to: Message 12 by Pressie
05-06-2013 6:49 AM


As this is the www, why should Western civilization be preferenced?
Such a focus would be useful for a reference used by EvC readers. In any event, even if we expand to a more multicultural view, we might still be able to leave out the 'dragons'.
And why is leaving out history completely preferable to omitting Chinese history? I don't get that at all.

Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also in prison. Thoreau: Civil Disobedience (1846)
I would say here something that was heard from an ecclesiastic of the most eminent degree; ‘That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how the heaven goes.’ Galileo Galilei 1615.
If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning. Frederick Douglass

This message is a reply to:
 Message 12 by Pressie, posted 05-06-2013 6:49 AM Pressie has not replied

  
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