Your first post tends to lead more into issues with strengths, weaknesses and the ability of evolution to continue to function in the long term.
If you read the many posts responding to those problems, I hope you'll see that the questions you asked regarding them don't make much sense.
In all of that, however, I never actually attempted an answer for the question you posed in the title of your thread.
Title Thread writes:
When does a species undergoing natural selection, change more?
The basic answer is "as soon as enough generations have gone by."
There really is no set time. And, actually, "never" is a completely possible answer as well.
It all depends on the selective pressures in question and the ability of mutations-occurring-during-reproduction and inheritance-of-traits to keep up.
For some creatures, like bacteria, this can be in the order of weeks or months.
For other creatures, like wolves, this can be in the order of hundreds to thousands or even millions of years.
It's not like a few wolves after thousands of years "change a lot."
It's more like the entire population of wolves continually changes little-by-little over the course of each generation or two. Then, eventually, if you compare the 'original wolves' to the 'thousands of years later wolves' there will be "more" change that you can see directly.
But no single generation of wolves ever changes "more." That's not how evolution works.