I must be in a disagreeable mood. I don't see the phlogiston theory as involving any kind of fallacy. If anything, I see it as good science for its time. It was a theory that gave Priestley a direction for his research. And that research program led to the discovery of oxygen, and was perhaps foundational for modern chemistry.
It happened that the research program also gave reason to discard the phlogiston theory, in favor of something closer to modern theories of combustion. But phlogiston was a step along the way to where we are now, so I don't think it should be considered a fallacy.
That said, I do agree that there is a difference between science and religion. Science discards its mistakes, whereas religion and theology tend to build on them.
Compassionate conservatism - bringing you a kinder, gentler torture chamber