Evolution Simplified

As it stands, the rate for mutagenesis in mammalian nuclear DNA, in terms of single-point substitutions, is 1 per every 3.6 billion base pair replications, according to my wife's phylogenetics text.

1) hundreds of times every second in your skin as new skin cells and hair are grown and the lining of your digestive tract is replaced, plus
2) thousands of times per second as your bone marrow replicates and differentiates new cells to replace the contents of your blood; plus
3) 1.5 million times a day as your testes produce sperm (assuming you're a man), plus
4) whatever assorted other cell division is going on in your body.So, for every act of cell division per day that comes to (millions), we should expect the new sequence of DNA to differ from the old one in 1 or 2 different places.

If my post didn't answer your question, I guess I don't know what you mean by "frequent." We estimate that any one human being has between 5 and 500 mutations. Every single human. Would you characterize that as "frequent"? I'd say that it's "sufficient."

I would estimate that each pup would have between 5 and 500 mutations, individually.

6. Conclusion: From 3, 4, and 5 we can conclude that organisms with the traits that make them more likely to survive and reproduce will produce offspring with those traits,

In my opinion you have asked good questions on this topic.

If the basis of his blue eyes was genetic then a classical genetic analysis like Kuresu has done will tell you the likelihood of the gene being passed on

Actually, what you are talking about is simply shared parental genetic representation in the offspring of diploid species.

BB is homozygous dominant, and neither carries the blue-eye gene or expresses it

Since mutation occurs randomly, albeit not with equal probability on all portions of the genome, the odds are that we all carry a number of mutations that occurred during the formation of the gametes that gave rise to us when they formed a zygote.

Not entirely ture. As in the case of the blue-eye example that you started. Given the condition that I assumed (blue is reccesive), it would get passed down to the offspring, based off of statistical probability

These are the ones that happen while you body is making sperm or eggs (depending on your sex).

Unless for some reason all the offspring were born homozygous dominant in the example we've been using, the answer is yes.