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Author Topic:   Definitions, Daffynitions, Delusions, Logic and Critical Thinking.
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 1 of 49 (351900)
09-24-2006 8:21 PM


There is a lot of talk about allowing and encouraging the use of critical thinking in education. Critical thinking is based on a few fundamental pricipals.
  • Clarity - being clear, being distinct, using correct definitions for terms etc.
  • Rationality - considering all the evidence in a rational manner
  • Logic - being able to construct proper logical arguments and support conclusions with valid precepts.

Definitions

Ultimately definitions are what make debate possible:
quote:
definition -noun
1. the act of defining or making definite, distinct, or clear.
2. the formal statement of the meaning or significance of a word, phrase, etc.
3. the condition of being definite, distinct, or clearly outlined.
4. Optics. sharpness of the image formed by an optical system.
5. Radio and Television. the accuracy of sound or picture reproduction.
Standard definitions are available for every word in the language. Usually there are multiple definitions available for a given word, and it is critical for clarity of thought, presentation and debate to delineate the one being used.
For the purpose of this topic we will use definition 2 to accomplish definition 1.
This is particularly critical when we are discussing a science topic, as the science will often use a technical definition, and if people are not using that same definition in their arguments they are not talking about the science anymore but something else.

Daffynitions

Creationists have a tendency to use non-standard definitions to make their arguments, and this gets into the issue of logical fallacies (strawman, equivocation, etc) that will be discussed later, but for now we will address the basic validity of such definitions.
An example is the definition of transitional fossil on A Critique of the "Evolution Essay" A GREAT DEBATE S1WC and anglagard ONLY
S1WC writes:
Message 29
... I think we forgot one IMPORTANT step,that is defining what we mean when we speak of "transitional fossils". I'll start with mine: What I would consider a transitional fossil, a real one that would mean anything to macroevolution, is a fossil that has evolving parts, like a scale/feather fossil, or bones that are evolving from one kind to another, more complex kind, partially evolving body parts, that look almost deformed, because they aren't complete, etc. This is what would be a real transitional fossil.
anglagard hits the nail on the head when he responds:
Message 31
If we are forced to use your definition of transitional fossil, which is closer to chimera than transitional fossil in normal English, then I would say you are most likely correct, there are no transitional fossils.
In order to criticize evolution as false, you must use the definitions used by life scientists and geoscientists, not your own made-up definitions. If you use your own definitions concerning terms used in evolution, then all you have done is criticize as false your misunderstanding of evolution, not evolution as commonly understood.
(color mine for emPHAsis)
We'll call what S1WC presented a 'daffynition' - some statement that does not relate to the terms as used in the science (no matter which science) but some 'daffy' misrepresentation instead (it is also known as a logical fallacy -- the straw man argument).
If you are addressing the validity of a science then you use the terms as defined in the science.
If you don't use the terms as defined in the science then you are not addressing the science.
anglagard goes on to present a fairly standard definition of transitional fossil:
(same msg)
Can we use a somewhat neutral definition such as the first hit in Google such as:
quote:
A transitional fossil is the fossil remains of a creature that exhibits primitive traits in comparison with the more derived life-forms it is related to. According to evolutionary theory, a transitional form represents an evolutionary stage.
In effect saying "let's look up the proper definition and use that" but S1WC protests:
Message 31
Sorry, won't do. That first and only hit on Google define for "transitional fossil" is from a biased source, Wikepedia. Wikepedia is completely in favor of evolution, so we cannot use this if I, as a Creationist, am to debate fairly.
This is a completely ludicrous position and logically false. Wikipedia is "biased" if anything, to providing the proper usage of terms, and properly gives the definition of transitional fossil as used in evolution: and to use some other usage will not address evolution.
This isn't 'bias,' and this is not debating creationist false portrayals of evolution, but addressing the truth of what the science of evolution says. It is either true or not, and if you think it is not true, then (a) show that the definition was false and (2) provide the definition from a credible source that is correct.
A similar situation has occurred with murkeywaters in our Basic Fundamentals of THE Debate (now open to anyone) regarding the definition of evolution, where he takes issue with my definition, proceeds to give several other examples of the definition of evolution that still show that evolution is about "change in species over time" and then concludes:
Message 8
Finally, even if were to agree that "Science" defines evolution as "change in species over time", that doesn't make it correct or any less misleading and it would still remain a valid point of debate. Perhaps part of the problem is that the definition we should be discussing is for a comprehensive theory of evolution, not simply the mechanism of evolution. That is what will allow us to compare and debate creation theory and evolution theory on an equal basis.
Still trying to make it into something it is not, still trying to change the definition from what is used in the science (nor is the "doesn't make it correct or any less misleading" clarified or substantiated with any further discussion - yet).
Definition: common usage, clearly set out and easily verified by some credible source or other (dictionary, encyclopedia, etc)
Daffynition: not common (daffy) usage, not verified by any credible source, usually false or misleading or just plain irrlevant.

Delusions

Let me start here with the definition of faith:
quote:
faith -->faith -noun
1. confidence or trust in a person or thing: faith in another's ability.
2. belief that is not based on proof: He had faith that the hypothesis would be substantiated by fact.
3. belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion: the firm faith of the Pilgrims.
4. belief in anything, as a code of ethics, standards of merit, etc.: to be of the same faith with someone concerning honesty.
5. a system of religious belief: the Christian faith; the Jewish faith.
6. the obligation of loyalty or fidelity to a person, promise, engagement, etc.: Failure to appear would be breaking faith.
7. the observance of this obligation; fidelity to one's promise, oath, allegiance, etc.: He was the only one who proved his faith during our recent troubles.
8. Christian Theology. the trust in God and in His promises as made through Christ and the Scriptures by which humans are justified or saved.
-Idiom
9. in faith, in truth; indeed: In faith, he is a fine lad.
The one I want to use here is #2 - faith: belief that is not based on proof.
If you have proof of the truth, then it is not faith.
If you have invalidation, evidence that proves a belief to be false, then this belief is also not faith, as there is evidence that proves the truth, but something else.
quote:
delusion -noun
1. an act or instance of deluding.
2. the state of being deluded.
3. a false belief or opinion: delusions of grandeur.
4. Psychiatry. a fixed false belief that is resistant to reason or confrontation with actual fact: a paranoid delusion
Belief in something in spite of evidence to the contrary is delusion. One can be deluded by others, however when one is confronted with the facts, the evidence, the truth, of the matter and still holds a belief in denial of the {facts\evidence\truth}, then one is psychologically deluded - living in a state of delusion about the reality of the world.
Regarding the definition of transitional fossils above, S1WC refuses to accept the true definition of the term as used in the science of evolution and then concludes:
Message 42
Point "Can't get anywhere": Since we couldn't agree upon a definition of "transitional fossils", this point can't be argued properly at the moment.
S1WC is deluded that his failure to accept the true scientific definition has any validity and that anything is accomplished by it other than providing evidence of his state of delusion. What is true is that he can't argue the point properly at the moment, anglagard does not have the problem.
These are some observed facts:
  • The earth orbits the sun.
  • The earth is old.
  • Life has evolved.
  • There are transitional fossils.
Belief to the contrary is not faith, but denial of the evidence, and belief maintained in the face of evidence to the contrary is delusional.
As an example of this kind of denial, when confronted with the evidence of transitional elements between reptiles and birds that is presented by archaeopteryx, S1WC comments:
Message 43
Like I have said, there are 3 possibilities to this, archaeopteryx could be a real bird, a real reptile, or a fraud, but NOT a transitional. I hold to the fraud part, but I have said it COULD be a real bird or a real reptile. But AIG is not the only source of info out there, I have read 'Darwin's Conspiracy' and have reason to say archaeopteryx is MOST LIKELY a fraud, yet I do not totally ignore that it could be a bird or reptile.
Notably missing is a 4th possiblity - one of harsh true reality - that archaeopteryx truly is a transitional (and one of many), and that belief to the contrary is denial of the evidence rather than rational consideration of it: and belief maintained in the face of evidence to the contrary is delusional.
Denial does not make the truth go away.

Logic

Logic is the base of rational thought. The usual form is
Premise {A}
Premise {B}
Conclusion {C}
This is similar to {A}+{B}={C}.
If premise {A} is true, and if premise {B} is true, and if conclusion {C} follows from {A} and {B}, then it is true, but if either premise is false or the construction is invalid then the conclusion will be invalid. Common logical fallacies employ one or more invalid formations.
quote:
logic -noun
1. the science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference.
2. a particular method of reasoning or argumentation: We were unable to follow his logic.
3. the system or principles of reasoning applicable to any branch of knowledge or study.
4. reason or sound judgment, as in utterances or actions: There wasn't much logic in her move.
5. convincing forcefulness; inexorable truth or persuasiveness: the irresistible logic of the facts.
6. Computers. logic circuit.
There are several valid sources for the definitions of various logical fallacies:
http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm
http://usabig.com/autonomist/fallacies.html
even Formal fallacy - Wikipedia
some common ones are
Straw Man
quote:
A straw man argument is a logical fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "set up a straw man" or "set up a straw-man argument" is to create a position that is easy to refute, then attribute that position to the opponent. A straw-man argument can be a successful rhetorical technique (that is, it may succeed in persuading people) but it is in fact misleading, because the opponent's actual argument has not been refuted.
Argument from Ignorance or Incredulity
quote:
The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination, is a logical fallacy in which it is claimed that a premise is true only because it has not been proven false, or that a premise is false only because it has not been proven true.
The argument from personal incredulity, also known as argument from personal belief or argument from personal conviction, refers to an assertion that because one personally finds a premise unlikely or unbelievable, the premise can be assumed not to be true, or alternately that another preferred but unproven premise is true instead.
Equivocation
quote:
Equivocation is a logical fallacy. It is committed when someone uses the same word in different meanings in an argument, implying that the word means the same each time around.
For example:
A feather is light.
What is light cannot be dark.
Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.
The above argument commits this fallacy: The word "light" is used in the sense of "having little weight" the first time, but of "bright" the second time.
An example of the first one (straw man) can be described as
Premise {A} {a transitional fossil must be a "hopeful monster" (see S1WC above)} == false definition
Premise {B} {there are no fossils of hopeful monsters} == possibly true statement
Conclusion {C} {there is no fossil evidence for macroevolution} == invalid because premise {A} is false.
Thus the validity of evolution is not addressed by this argument.
Another example of the third form above, equivocation, is a little more subtle, but common on both sides: the problem is that there are two "evolutions" - from Message 98
(1) is the mechanism - (micro\macro)evolution, the change in species over time, (mechanism)evolution or {"M/E"} and
(2) is the science - the study of evolution (the mechanism), AND the experiments, AND the observations, AND the results, AND the theories of natural (survival\sexual) selection, common descent, punkeek, etc etc etc, (science)evolution or {"S/E"}.
It is fairly common to have the logical arguments flip from one of these evolutions to the other.

Conclusion

False definitions, poorly constructed logical arguments and invalid conclusions are not elements of critical thinking.
They don't represent the truth, they don't represent the science and they don't represent things that should be included in education.
Enjoy
Edited by RAZD, : forum:
Education and Creation/Evolution please.
Edited by RAZD, : .
Edited by RAZD, : shortened and clarified some parts. Some formating.
Edited by RAZD, : symbols updated
Edited by RAZD, : list fix

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Replies to this message:
 Message 3 by NosyNed, posted 09-25-2006 12:06 AM RAZD has replied
 Message 8 by Nighttrain, posted 09-25-2006 7:58 PM RAZD has replied
 Message 12 by iano, posted 09-26-2006 6:11 AM RAZD has replied
 Message 40 by RAZD, posted 10-04-2006 9:33 PM RAZD has not replied
 Message 43 by DorfMan, posted 10-05-2006 1:34 AM RAZD has replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 4 of 49 (351953)
09-25-2006 12:14 AM
Reply to: Message 2 by AdminQuetzal
09-24-2006 11:25 PM


I'll take that cue
Thanks, I figured length would be a (continuing) problem.
I am interested in what those from the creationist camp think of the problem with definitions.
... the other relates to the apparent "call out" nature of the OP.
Not just murkeywaters and someonewhocares, but anyone else.
It seems to me to go to the heart of the debate -- talking about the same things using terms with the agreed meanings or seeming to discuss things while talking past each other using different meanings for terms.
What I don't understand is that accepted definitions are easy to find - why not use them?

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This message is a reply to:
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Replies to this message:
 Message 7 by Matt P, posted 09-25-2006 4:56 PM RAZD has replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 5 of 49 (351959)
09-25-2006 12:28 AM
Reply to: Message 3 by NosyNed
09-25-2006 12:06 AM


Re: Reasoning behind definitions.
The model says that a base population of animals will undergo a series of speciation events. At the end of a long chain of these we have different taxonomic categories that we see today.
Can we derive a complete definition of transitional from this?
I am sure we can, using logic and the basic theory of evolution -- change in species over time. It would be interesting to do that in a single topic dedicated to such definition.
I had considered doing this in the logic section of the OP, but it was already getting too long, and it also seemed to get away from the topic of why it seems creationists can't use the proper available definitions.
Edited by RAZD, : /

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This message is a reply to:
 Message 3 by NosyNed, posted 09-25-2006 12:06 AM NosyNed has replied

Replies to this message:
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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 9 of 49 (352258)
09-25-2006 8:34 PM
Reply to: Message 7 by Matt P
09-25-2006 4:56 PM


Re: Bad definitions = high profit
Looks like the shyster arts of suckering the gullibles is alive and well eh? You could run this operation out of your backyard, with the only overhead being a picture of one large rock, a rock saw and sufficint other rocks to slice up and distribute "while supplies last" ... set up an email account and get a PO box for the checks to be sent.

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This message is a reply to:
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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 10 of 49 (352259)
09-25-2006 8:37 PM
Reply to: Message 8 by Nighttrain
09-25-2006 7:58 PM


Re: Courage
... the ability to admit to the conclusions reached if they run counter to one`s previous understanding.
Aye. If you don't hold out the possibility that you are wrong on an equal footing with all other possibilities, then you have jeopardized your personal results.

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This message is a reply to:
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Replies to this message:
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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 11 of 49 (352264)
09-25-2006 9:09 PM
Reply to: Message 6 by NosyNed
09-25-2006 1:38 AM


Re: Why creo's don't use standard definitions
They don't like the definitions because they aren't the strawman they want to tackle.
So you aren't going to get them to agree to the definitions.
The amazing thing is to see them disagree with a dictionary definition in favour of some outlandish interpretation of their own.
Creos don't "get" that they have to attack the actual science rather than some made up strawman. ... it might be a good exercise to redevelop the defintions for yourself.
It would be simple logic: if evolution is change in species over time, what would you see as an intermediate between an ancestral species and a daughter species?
You could start with "micro"evolution - what you do see when speciation occurs, the extent of variations and differences within the daughter populations.
Then move to a "macro" level and discuss what level of change would be needed. Comparisons to branches on an evolutionary tree could be incorporated to keep the discussion 'honest' on what changes are needed.
It would also be interesting to take several known fossil lineages and make predictions on what would be found if an intermediate fossil were discovered, the more "gaps" we added into the prediction lists would mean a sooner return on investment when one is found.
We could even ask creos which gaps they would like to see filled.
This could be an interesting topic, but one that could take years to produce noticeable results.
On the other hand, it could be a really neat project for the forum and one that could run in the background as we progress from day to day.
I also note that this is similar to the approach they took to finding Tiktaalik in predicting the features and the environment that such an intermediate species would exhibit and inhabit.
Could be fun.

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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 14 of 49 (352324)
09-26-2006 7:47 AM
Reply to: Message 12 by iano
09-26-2006 6:11 AM


another example.
Funny.
From Wikipedia (still)
quote:
A transitional fossil is the fossil remains of a creature that exhibits certain primitive (or basal) traits in comparison with its more derived descendants. "Missing link" is a popular term used for transitional forms. According to modern evolutionary theory, all populations of organisms are in transition. Therefore, a "transitional form" is a human construct that vividly represents a particular evolutionary stage, as recognized in hindsight.
I don't see any missing parenthetical phrases in that definition ...
Iano writes:
I've added in parentheses what is excluded (for some reason) from the first half of the definition. Thus we can read the second half of the definition better as ...
Thank you for providing another example of creationist inability to deal with the real definition.
Now that's what I call a neutral definition.
And it's one that I call worthless, as it isn't used in evolutionary science, so therefore it doesn't apply to a discussion of evolution.
So Iano, do transitional fossils exist that meet the criteria of the scientific definition? A simple yes or no eh?
Or is that why you need to change the definition in some way to attempt to neuter this fact?
Enjoy.

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This message is a reply to:
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Replies to this message:
 Message 17 by iano, posted 09-26-2006 8:28 AM RAZD has replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 23 of 49 (352433)
09-26-2006 4:41 PM
Reply to: Message 17 by iano
09-26-2006 8:28 AM


Re: another example - with a leg up.
Had you worded it so...
"So, Iano, do fossils exist that meet the criteria of the evolutionary scientific definition of transitional fossils. A simple yes or no eh?"
..then I would have answered a hearty yes
What's the difference? The science in question is evolution. The topic being debated is the change in species over time = evolution.
Message 19
Razd quoted what was described as a neutral (read: scientific) definition when it most certainly is not.
No, what I quoted was the proper definition. "Neutral" has nothing to do with it, it's not a matter of voting on the definition, it's a matter of using the proper definition.
Let me give you an example:
A dog is a quadraped because it has four (4) legs.
If I disagree with this, and claim that we should use a "neutral" definition, that "leg" should be defined as "any appendage off the trunk of the body" and ...
Thus a dog is really a hexapod (if female) or a septapod (if male).
Does every dog suddenly start running, walking and jumping with it's head and tail (etc.) as a leg? No. Calling them legs does not make them so.
A definition is derived to clarify the discussion not obfusticate it. Changing the definition does not make the revised definition true, nor valid, nor meaningful.
The definition is tied in which the assumption that evolution occurs in the TOE sense. For a transitional fossil to exist evolution must be presumed to occur.
The definition is derived from the theory of evolution - that species change over time, so therefore you should see evidence of that change over time - with more change possible the more time that is involved - and any fossil found that is intermediate in time between two related specimens shoulod also be intermediate in features, having some changes but not all.
But the fossils exist whether evolution is derived as a theory or not, they are the facts of the matter.
Creating a false definition doesn't make the proper definition false, it makes any argument using the false definition invalid (see straw man example in OP) and irrelevant.
Enjoy.

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This message is a reply to:
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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 38 of 49 (353425)
10-01-2006 10:10 AM


An example of "courage" from SW1C
In Message 47 SW1C boldly states
The truth of Creation is on my side, Creation is the truth. But my(imperfect person's) arguments against evolution using sources with outdated pieces of information is not infallible. It can be wrong, or outdated, because we are fallible humans. But the Creation truth will never fail, that fact that God created everything and you and me will never go wrong.
Translation: even when I am totally wrong I am right.
Logical corollaries of this are:
  • Corollary 1: because I am right I don't need to make corrections when it is shown that I am wrong, because I am really right anyway. I don't need to worry about the truth.
  • Corollary 2: because I am right I don't need to look at any evidence that shows I am wrong, because I am really right anyway. I don't need to worry about the truth.
  • Corollary 3: because I am right I can make stuff up and not have to worry about whether it is true or not, because I am really right anyway. I don't need to worry about the truth.
This is exactly the archetypical lack of courage that Nighttrain mentioned in Message 8:
The only quality I would add to the fundamentals of Crit-think is 'Courage'--the ability to admit to the conclusions reached if they run counter to one`s previous understanding.
Enjoy

For the record, on SW1C's little comment:
Yes, I would like it, but RAZD didn't seem to want to debate me one on one when I proposed it, so I don't think he wants to now.
I'll debate SW1C - as said before - when he meets my precondition of changing the grossly erroneous misrepresentation regarding lucy and the knee fossil in his "essay" that has already been pointed out to him, ie - he demonstrates that he can debate in good faith and admit when he is just plain wrong (which is most of the time, as demonstrated by anglagard in Message 47 -- even without the error of the knee joint included).

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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 40 of 49 (354288)
10-04-2006 9:33 PM
Reply to: Message 1 by RAZD
09-24-2006 8:21 PM


The Role of Evidence ... in Law and in Science
In the {Basic Fundamentals of THE Debate (RAZD and MurkyWaters only)} thread Message 14 and Message 15 the issue of evidence came up, where Murkywaters had used someone elses opinion as evidence for his opinion.
Murkywaters writes:
Ok, look...all this discussion of the evidence is unproductive
RAZD writes:
Or it cuts to the heart of the matter, by discussing what is good evidence and what is not good evidence (or any kind of evidence at all).
Saying something does not make it so, thus to substantiate a position you need to provide real evidence for it.
quote:
evidence -n
1. A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment: The broken window was evidence that a burglary had taken place. Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
2. Something indicative; an outward sign: evidence of grief on a mourner's face.
3. Law. The documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in a court of law.
Opinion is not evidence. False opinion is not even worth consideration.
Physical evidence is objective -- the broken window is physical evidence. Tree rings are objective evidence.
Law does make provision for the testimony of expert witnesses to obtain their opinion of certain facts or possibilities, but for this evidence to be admitted, and judged to be credible by the jury, the expert is subject to cross-examination.
This speaks to the issue of the logical fallacy of the "appeal to authority" as it validates the authority on the topic in question and shows that they do know what they are talking about.
Science does NOT make provision for expert testimony. For science the only definition applicable is the first one:
quote:
evidence -n
1. A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
Objective physical evidence.
Anyone who wants to discuss this aspect the {Basic Fundamentals of THE Debate (RAZD and MurkyWaters only)} thread can do so here.
Enjoy.

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This message is a reply to:
 Message 1 by RAZD, posted 09-24-2006 8:21 PM RAZD has not replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 41 by Nighttrain, posted 10-04-2006 9:57 PM RAZD has replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 42 of 49 (354293)
10-04-2006 10:29 PM
Reply to: Message 41 by Nighttrain
10-04-2006 9:57 PM


Re: The Role of Evidence ... in Law and in Science
And oft refuted by an expert brought in by the opposition.
Agreed. However one can also make reference to the Dover trial ...
We had a number of high-profile cases overthrown after a few years based on re-examining the forensics. Both times performed by 'experts'.
Thus demonstrating the fallacy of the appeal to authority -- they are not immune from making mistakes.
I would suggest that physical evidence also be regarded as tentative,not necessarily objective, pending the exclusion of all or most possible explanations. ... E.g., a ring found containing the name Jehu is located among ruins.
The ring is objective evidence, the location it was found in is objective evidence, the time period it was found in has objective evidence (various dating techniques), ...
... the interpretation of the data is subjective and subject to discussion.
Logically one can propose a series of ideas, hypothesis, to explain the evidence and then test them to see which one best explains the evidence.
The evidence is still evidence for all the hypothesis that attempt to explain the evidence, but some will do so better than others, and these are chosen as the most likely explanations:
  • The ring is evidence for the site being ruled by a king Jehu.
  • The ring is evidence for it being dropped by a wandering nomad/soldier/merchant far from its place of discovery.
  • The ring is evidence that someone else was also named Jehu.
  • The ring is a modern construct placed in the site by someone perpetuating a hoax.
  • etc.
The next thing to evaluate is whether there is evidence that invalidates any of these concepts to rule out ones that are falsified by other evidence, then you look at other data to see which concepts have more corroboration than others to whittle it down further. After that the issue is usually taken to Occam's bloody razor, where the simplest (most parsimonious) answer is judged most likely. Rarely does one get down to a single possibility, but you can get some closely related possibilities.
Archaeology falls into this trap on many occasions by using either a predetermined mind-set for a find, or jumping to the first possible explanation.
And the ensuing storm of criticism of such claims by other archaeologists soon show the viability of various other possible explanations. Look at the Homo floriensis issue for example eh?
Yes some scientists make assertions about what the evidence says that sometimes is ill considered (see issue of appeal to authority above), but the issue is still settled (as far as possible) by what the evidence shows AND what the best tested interpretation theory says about the evidence.
And willingness to look at all the possibilities and evaluate them and make conclusions based on the best explanation of the evidence rather than any preconceptions is where the courage issue lies.
Thanks.

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This message is a reply to:
 Message 41 by Nighttrain, posted 10-04-2006 9:57 PM Nighttrain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 44 by Nighttrain, posted 10-05-2006 3:43 AM RAZD has replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 45 of 49 (354572)
10-05-2006 7:56 PM
Reply to: Message 43 by DorfMan
10-05-2006 1:34 AM


yes it has been.
See Paluxy Hike for some short stuff (glad I was wearing shorts anyway)

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This message is a reply to:
 Message 43 by DorfMan, posted 10-05-2006 1:34 AM DorfMan has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 47 by DorfMan, posted 10-06-2006 11:42 AM RAZD has not replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 46 of 49 (354573)
10-05-2006 7:57 PM
Reply to: Message 44 by Nighttrain
10-05-2006 3:43 AM


Re: The Role of Evidence ... in Law and in Science
But Grissom will always have some BUG he can pull out to validate his theory ...

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This message is a reply to:
 Message 44 by Nighttrain, posted 10-05-2006 3:43 AM Nighttrain has not replied

  
RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 48 of 49 (360056)
10-31-2006 7:24 AM


Why it's wrong to use daffynitions
Philip in Message 84 of The origin of new genes says:
If I write the books I can redefine "beneficial mutation"; why do you trust *authority* anyway?
I am copying my reply here where it is also applicable:
Let me give you an example of how this works: I redefine "jesus" to mean "devil"
Then I say that because of this definition, all christians are praying to the devil.
This of course does not make it so, so what is wrong here?
I am using one definition for "jesus" and every christian is using a different definition, so what I am really doing by saying that all christians are praying to the devil is equivocating between my definition and that used by christians.
Equivocation is the logical fallacy of using two different definitions of words in different parts of the logical structure.
What you are doing in making up your own definition of mutation is (1) creating a straw man (a false definition) and then using that to (2) equivocate between your (false) meaning and the (real) meaning used by biologists.
This means your argument is invalid, because you are using two different definitions.
IF you want to discuss what biologists are talking about THEN you will use the definitions of the terms they use.
Otherwise you are talking about something else and PRETENDING that it is about what the biologists are talking about.
Philips response was:
Ouch!
If you really want to narrow down this thread topic to mere *new* genes I concede on that point. (...the strawman being "beneficial mutation" as *unrelated in part* to 'new alleles') Otherwise, I'd be interested in your *valid* definition of 'beneficial mutation' (but then you'd be caught up in this strawman)
(I was supposing that this thread was equivocating *new genes* with *beneficial mutations* as post 1 (and the ToE) seemed to suggest to me ... another topic)
It doesn't seem to me that he got the point about changing definitions.
The point is simply that if a discussion is using different meanings for a term, that it is not discussion the same thing.
Enjoy.

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RAZD
Member (Idle past 1427 days)
Posts: 20714
From: the other end of the sidewalk
Joined: 03-14-2004


Message 49 of 49 (363439)
11-12-2006 5:04 PM


Archer Opterix makes a couple of points on another thread ...
From another thread:
Message 53
Aussie:
I know how ludicrous this sounds, but I really felt like I had a grip on science. I see the literalists debating here and sometimes I'm not sure whether to laugh or cry. No matter how many well-prepared and precisely-delivered lists of evidence for evolution and an old Earth are presented, they just throw out a new turn of phrase, or another variant in their long list of rhetorical objections, and leave feeling as if they have adequately defended the faith.
You've surely noted the swagger creationists often display when they first arrive at EvC. They've imbibed the idea that 'God and I make a majority' so they burst into the saloon thinking they can whup any cowpoke in the place. Someone told them they're giants packing bazookas in a world of midgets squirting water pistols.
Then comes the collision with reality. Always fun to watch.
The confidence surely comes in part from the myth that science is 'really a religion.' This insistence (so bewildering to scientists) is crucial to fundamentalists. It creates the illusion of knowing.
They don't understand science at all. To them it's an unknown--a blank surface. But they understand how their religion works and how explanations are crafted in it. To be told science is like that gives them a sense of sure footing. They don't really know the terrain.
But blank surfaces are ideal for projecting.
In saying 'scientists are like us' they assume a mirror image of their own fundamentalism with left and right inverted. They debate not with real scientists, but with the mirror image.
What do they see when they look in the mirror? They tell you. It's a revealing picture.
No sooner do they decide 'science is a religion' than they start describing all the things they understand religion to be. They see people deciding all answers a priori. They see people conducting research that isn't open-minded and honest. They see arrogance and materialism. They see people ignoring, suppressing, or even forging evidence. They see a theocracy that refuses to allow dissent.
They are telling you how religions, in their experience, really do things. They disclose all the dirt about how fundamentalism works. Under normal curcumstances they would never ascribe these things to religious people. But let that religion go by another name and everything comes out. They point at the mirror and say 'You're a religion. We know what you're really doing!'

Give a man a mask, and he will tell you the truth.
- Oscar Wilde
and
Message 55
RAZD:
Or the only methodology they have for thinking about things is the methodology of their religion, so they think it is the only way things are done.
Good point. We've had opportunities here to watch fundamentalists try to put forward their own theories. And they certainly go about it as if science operated by the methods of religion.
They think forming a theory is about inventing explanations. And you can see why. In Sunday School they stitched prootexts into a story and called it a doctrine. So in science they expect to stitch bits of data into a story and call it a theory. As soon as all the bits are assembled into a plausible story, mission accomplished. They have science!
They expect their story to be as valid as yours because, like your theories, it is an explanation. They expect it to be more true than yours because, like their doctrines, it conforms to religious orthodoxy. And it is work, trying to explain a mountain of scientific data in a way most o fthe world does not. A coherent alternative story is not crafted in one afternoon.
But even if they did this, they will have done no science yet. Scientists know no explanation can be called a theory until it demonstrates predictive power. Can we run tests? Can we predict findings?
Over and over you see fundamentalists here creating 'theories' who never once think of this. It never occurs to them that any theory they invent should be called upon to predict anything.
Why not? I think you hit it, RAZD. It's not necessary in religion. In religion the doctrine of the Trinity works because it explains all the prooftexts and meets the demands of orthodoxy. No one asks what tests to run on the Trinity or how to falsify the Trinity or how to predict what the Trinity will do next. Predictive power is not expected of a religious idea. So they don't expect it of their 'science.'
Picking up this conversation here to keep the other from getting derailed:
Over and over you see fundamentalists here creating 'theories' who never once think of this. ... It's not necessary in religion. In religion the doctrine of the Trinity works because it explains all the prooftexts and meets the demands of orthodoxy.
There's another element I keep running into - the use and misuse of evidence.
First it seems evidence can be something said by just about anyone whether there is a factual basis for it or not - this can be just a layperson's unfamiliarity with science qualifications for evidence - (thus the argument that "Lucy" is some kind of composite is made without checking the facts):
Message 21
Lucy is hardly a worthy example. First of all, she's an extremely incomplete skeleton, secondly, they aren't sure she was in fact female, thirdly, the bones were not found in one location but over a mile stretch. That's quite an amazing feat how bones were dispersed like that. If you want to see an interesting video that brings Lucy into disrepute, start here.
And a video is presented as evidence instead of going to the actual fossil and the record of that fossil.
Second it seems that contradictory evidence is not a concern, they just need evidence FOR their view, and any old evidence will do.
Thus evidence for a young earth is touted, while evidence that invalidates a young earth is ignored or denied, brushed off.
Perhaps this has to do with the fundamentalist need to deal with contradictions and conflicts in their interpretations: it isn't anywhere near as prevalent in other christian interpretations.
There is the old phrase (I think it is in Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice) that "the devil can cite scripture for his purpose" -- meaning that any position you want to take you can find some section to support it (just don't worry about the ones that contra-indicate it).
Thanks,
Enjoy.

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