On the Sabbath meaning seven or rest, you're right. I had read a definition from the New Testament once that said it means seven days or a week, which is indeed what Strong's says in its Greek section. I didn't realized they would say that and not refer back to the Hebrew which is from a root word meaning cease, desist, or rest.
Ok, on to the other stuff.
I'm not Catholic, and I didn't get my doctrines from the Catholics, so all the Catholic stuff is irrelevant.
It is so enjoyable how folks explain it away and away and away.
Explanation is a fact of life that everyone has to do, especially those who would continue keeping a Sabbath rest day when from the beginning the Gentile Christians did not. We have two choices, we can explain why the early Christians did not feel compelled to keep the Sabbath, which would at least be honest, or we can dishonestly pretend like they did keep it and try to explain away Paul's statement that it was merely a shadow and that Christ had blotted out the handwriting of ordinances which was against us.
I am only explaining. The Sabbath is a Jewish law. That's true, and I'm not going to explain it away. The Pope did re-establish Sabbath keeping long after Christianity had married itself to the world government. That's true, and I'm not going to explain it way. He did change it to Sunday at the time. That's true, and I'm not going to explain it away.
In between, from the time of Paul until the Pope reinstated Sabbath keeping, the church, at least the Gentiles in it, did not keep the Sabbath. I am simply explaining why.
Sabbath keepers, on the other hand, have to pretend like the early church did keep the Sabbath. Entire books are published attempting to rewrite history. Obscure quotes are pulled out of context in order to deceive the ignorant in those books. The early church did not keep the Sabbath, that's true, and I won't explain it away, but Sabbath keepers do it all the time.
Sabbath keepers also have to explain away Colossians 2, trying to make it say something it doesn't.
Explaining away is deceitful. Explaining, which is not deceitful, but simply gives the reasons for what is true, is a necessary part of all of life, including religion. I am not doing any explaining away.
God has requirements of Jews but not of Christians
God has requirements of Christians. "He that says, 'I know him,' and does not keep his commandments, is a liar and the truth is not in him."
The commandments apply to all, but not the Jewish one
The early church did not single out the Sabbath command. They applied Christ's principle of expansion or bringing to fullness to all the commands, including the ones about murder and adultery. The Jews kept one day, because they were God's fleshly nation. More is required of Christians. They are to keep every day holy, sanctifying it by their lives.
All the commands are similarly expanded. They are not just to avoid murder, but even being angry with their brother. They are not just to avoid adultery, but even lustful looking.