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Author Topic:   Human rights, cultural diversity, and moral relativity
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 207 of 270 (436309)
11-25-2007 1:40 AM
Reply to: Message 205 by Silent H
11-25-2007 12:55 AM


WTF? So unless I keep finding more studies all the rest are assumed to be against the ones I cited? That's ridiculous!
As it is I did start looking through them and kept finding stats on health issues unrelated to sex, and others simply documenting incidence of the practice. That's why listing numbers of studies doesn't mean anything.
TRANSLATION:
I can't find any stats.
Yeah, so you say ...
Medical Anthropology Quarterly
June 2006, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 182-211
Among family-planning clients in Ismailia, Egypt (El-Defrawi et al. 2001), a lower percentage of circumcised women (any type, n = 200) than uncircumcised women (n = 50) reportedly had sexual desires (58 percent vs. 84 percent), always initiated sex (11 percent vs. 22 percent), enjoyed sexual life (32 percent vs. 46 percent), achieved orgasm (29 percent vs. 44 percent), and achieved orgasm before or with their husband (39 percent vs. 62 percent). Circumcised women in this study also had a lower weekly frequency of intercourse (1.9 vs. 2.8), and more frequent complaints of dysmenorrhea, dryness during sex, and dyspareunia or pain during sex.
Clinic- and population-based studies (El Dareer 1982; Shandall 1967) in Sudan that disaggregated by type of cutting showed that women with Type III cutting compared to those with Type II, Type I, or no cutting more often experienced pain during intercourse (Type III, 3 percent; Type II, 3 percent; Type I and uncut, 0 percent), did not experience orgasm during intercourse (Type III, 84 percent; Type II, 42 percent; uncut, 7 percent), or had male partners who had difculty with penetration (Type III, 10 percent; Type I and uncut, 0 percent).
Qualitative interviews with 60 Egyptian men showed that men prefer extramarital relations with uncircumcised women but prefer circumcised (type unspecied) wives to avoid “excessive” sexual demands (Wassef and Mansour 1999).
The biological pathways through which any form of FGC may lead to primary or secondary infertility include infections or injuries that eliminate the chance of conception or elevate the risk of pregnancy wastage.
Among Sudanese clinic attendees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the incidence of urinary and genital infections was higher among any type of circumcised than among uncircumcised women, with more than one organism from among C. albicans, H. streptococcus, T. vaginalis, and G. vaginalis isolated in 11 percent versus 6 percent of cases, respectively (De Silva 1989).
In a random sample of women in ve Sudanese provinces, rates of vulvar abscesses (7 percent vs. 5 percent) and chronic pelvic infection (13 percent vs. 6 percent) were higher among any type of circumcised than uncircumcised women (El Dareer 1982).
In rural Burkina Faso where Types I and II cutting are the norm (Institut National de la Statistique et de la Demographie and ORC/Macro 2004), clinical data have shown 1.7 times higher adjusted odds of any genital infection among circumcised than uncircumcised women (Jones et al. 1999).
Clinical data from Edo State, Nigeria, have shown 1.5 times higher adjusted odds of lower abdominal pain among any type of circumcised than uncircumcised women (Okonofua et al. 2002).
In a sample of women in Farafenni, Gambia, where 57 percent of women have Type II cutting, the adjusted odds of bacterial vaginosis and herpes simplex virus II were 1.7 and 4.7 times higher, respectively, among circumcised than uncircumcised women (Morison et al. 2001) .
Women with tubal-factor infertility (TFI), or infertility resulting from postinammatory damage to the fallopian tubes, had higher adjusted odds than their fertile controls of having had Type II than Type I cutting and of having had a lay circumciser do the procedure (Inhorn and Buss 1993). In fact, the adverse effects of Type II cutting and a lay circumciser were synergistic.
That's all from one paper, chump.
Edited by molbiogirl, : sp

This message is a reply to:
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molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 208 of 270 (436312)
11-25-2007 1:43 AM
Reply to: Message 206 by Silent H
11-25-2007 1:05 AM


Re: Anthropology and Human Rights
Nice racist banter...
Project much?

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Replies to this message:
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molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 210 of 270 (436323)
11-25-2007 5:46 AM
Reply to: Message 209 by Jaderis
11-25-2007 3:11 AM


Re: 3... FGM (to molbio ... and others interested in MGM)
Now, that doesn't support any of Holmes' other claims or citations (or discount any of yours), but, if WHO is using "faulty" research to support certain claims (but not others) then doesn't that also throw the WHO cite into question (even tho they are a respected entity)? You know, Legos...
If by "the WHO cite" you mean, "the website that I linked to", then no.
(Just for clarification, I linked to an Amnesty site that referenced a WHO report.)
The WHO report is not a scientific study. So the LEGO thing isn't really applicable.
But, "consider the source", yes?
In Message 121, I cited this:
Genital mutilation can make first intercourse an ordeal for women. It can be extremely painful, and even dangerous, if the woman has to be cut open; for some women, intercourse remains painful. Even where this is not the case, the importance of the clitoris in experiencing sexual pleasure and orgasm suggests that mutilation involving partial or complete clitoridectomy would adversely affect sexual fulfilment. Clinical considerations and the majority of studies on women's enjoyment of sex suggest that genital mutilation does impair a women's enjoyment.
At least a half a dozen cites I've posted (including the latest re: FGM and adverse health effects) support the WHO's contention that the majority of mutilated women are unable to climax.
H got his panties inna wad because the Amnesty website used Lightfoot-Klein's data to support an entirely different point.
H also got his knickers bunched because it mentioned Lightfoot-Klein's data in reference to the inability to climax.
Not that they used it to make the claim that the majority of mutilated women are able to climax (as H is doing). Instead, Amnesty tried to offer an explanation for the problematic data (in a ham-handed way, I might add).
I made it quite clear to H that the WHO concludes that the majority of FGM victims are anorgasmic. I also made it clear that in no way whatsoever do I support Amnesty's use of Lightfoot-Klein's data. (Earlier I said the WHO used that data. That's wrong. Amnesty did.)
That said, their "transgression" doesn't invalidate their conclusion:
The majority of mutilated women are unable to climax.
It's no secret that the media (if one considers a WHO report and the Amnesty site "media") does a piss poor job explaining science to the general public.
That doesn't mean the original science is invalid. It just means that the nimrods who write reports and websites aren't scientists.
Not only to those debating you, but to those lurkers (like me) who cannot follow your arguments because we cannot read your cites.
I'm sorry that you were unable to follow my line of reasoning.
I try to make a point of posting enough information from the papers to make myself clear.
If you have any questions, I would be more than happy to dig into the papers and find whatever you need.
... but the arrogance associated with the expectation of everyone here debating having access to technical papers is appalling.
I don't "expect" "everyone" to have access to the literature.
That's why I quote papers. So folks can see what I'm talking about.
Also, it is quite irritating to ask for full scientific paper references in a debate on an internet forum with laypeople (especially in cultural anthropology when the main focus of the forum is biological science) and then say that those who have no access to your papers are SOL.
This is the Coffee House, not a science thread, so discussing anthropology isn't out of bounds.
And I asked H for full cites (over a hundred posts ago) because I assumed he had access.
When he said he didn't, I suggested he find some other source of supporting evidence.
However. He didn't. Instead, he chose to use abstracts to support his nonsense (and I told him to cut it out).
Then he tried to critique the methodology of my cites, using only the abstracts (and I told him to cut it out).
If that is "condemnation", then so be it.
H did finally manage to find some other sources online (Dr. Bell's work, for example -- and btw -- I did some googling this evening and found out she's a PhD -- my apologies to Dr. Bell for alla the Ms. Bell stuff).
Had he done that in the first place, then we wouldn't have had a problem.
It might make you feel vindicated, but it doesn't help your argument in a public forum.
It also might make the point to those who lurk that it's a really bad idea to try and argue an untenable position by using only the abstracts of technical literature.
Edited by molbiogirl, : awkward wording

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 Message 209 by Jaderis, posted 11-25-2007 3:11 AM Jaderis has not replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 220 of 270 (436397)
11-25-2007 3:17 PM
Reply to: Message 215 by Hyroglyphx
11-25-2007 12:56 PM


What indication exists that would say that such a thing can be transmitted via DNA?
What evidence is there of any behavior transmitted via DNA?
You've never heard of "instinct"?
What indications are there that behavior has a biological basis?
[text provided by Joseph McInerney]
* Behavior often is species specific. A chickadee, for example, carries one sunflower seed at a time from a feeder to a nearby branch, secures the seed to the branch between its feet, pecks it open, eats the contents, and repeats the process. Finches, in contrast, stay at the feeder for long periods, opening large numbers of seeds with their thick beaks. Some mating behaviors also are species specific. Prairie chickens, native to the upper Midwest, conduct an elaborate mating ritual, a sort of line dance for birds, with spread wings and synchronized group movements. Some behaviors are so characteristic that biologists use them to help differentiate between closely related species.
* Behaviors often breed true. We can reproduce behaviors in successive generations of organisms. Consider the instinctive retrieval behavior of a yellow Labrador or the herding posture of a border collie.
* Behaviors change in response to alterations in biological structures or processes. For example, a brain injury can turn a polite, mild-mannered person into a foul-mouthed, aggressive boor, and we routinely modify the behavioral manifestations of mental illnesses with drugs that alter brain chemistry. More recently, geneticists have created or extinguished specific mouse behaviors”ranging from nurturing of pups to continuous circling in a strain called "twirler"” by inserting or disabling specific genes.
* In humans, some behaviors run in families. For example, there is a clear familial aggregation of mental illness.
* Behavior has an evolutionary history that persists across related species. Chimpanzees are our closest relatives, separated from us by a mere 2 percent difference in DNA sequence. We and they share behaviors that are characteristic of highly social primates, including nurturing, cooperation, altruism, and even some facial expressions. Genes are evolutionary glue, binding all of life in a single history that dates back some 3.5 billion years. Conserved behaviors are part of that history, which is written in the language of nature's universal information molecule”DNA.
Human Genome Project Information Site Has Been Updated

This message is a reply to:
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molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 221 of 270 (436400)
11-25-2007 3:25 PM
Reply to: Message 219 by macaroniandcheese
11-25-2007 2:30 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
you know why we don't let people chop their arms off?
Bad example, Brenna.
Folks who suffer from BIID (body integrity identity disorder) need to chop a limb off. And some surgeons are willing to oblige.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 219 by macaroniandcheese, posted 11-25-2007 2:30 PM macaroniandcheese has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 222 by macaroniandcheese, posted 11-25-2007 3:28 PM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 223 of 270 (436404)
11-25-2007 3:35 PM
Reply to: Message 222 by macaroniandcheese
11-25-2007 3:28 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
Oops. Sorry, Brenna.
I haven't been following your discussion with Rrhain very closely.
My bad.
In that case, Rrhain used a bad example!

This message is a reply to:
 Message 222 by macaroniandcheese, posted 11-25-2007 3:28 PM macaroniandcheese has replied

Replies to this message:
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 Message 229 by Rrhain, posted 11-26-2007 1:34 AM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 232 of 270 (436526)
11-26-2007 10:27 AM
Reply to: Message 229 by Rrhain
11-26-2007 1:34 AM


Re: This is all getting very silly
Should surgeons be permitted to amputate healthy limbs if patients request such operations? We argue that if such patients are experiencing significant distress as a consequence of the rare psychological disorder named Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), such operations might be permissible. We examine rival accounts of the origins of the desire for healthy limb amputations and argue that none are as plausible as the BIID hypothesis. We then turn to the moral arguments against such operations, and argue that on the evidence available, none is compelling. BIID sufferers meet reasonable standards for rationality and autonomy: so as long as no other effective treatment for their disorder is available, surgeons ought to be allowed to accede to their requests.
J Appl Philos. 2005;22(1):75-86.
Amputees by choice: body integrity identity disorder and the ethics of amputation.
It's rare, but surgeons have agreed to amputate limbs for BIID folks.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 229 by Rrhain, posted 11-26-2007 1:34 AM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 252 by Rrhain, posted 12-01-2007 3:28 PM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 253 of 270 (437868)
12-01-2007 5:05 PM
Reply to: Message 252 by Rrhain
12-01-2007 3:28 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
So why the special pleading for genitals?
I'm not certain what you mean.
If by "special pleading for genitals" you mean, "Why can't someone schedule a surgery and get his/her tender bits hacked off?", I never said s/he shouldn't.
I should point out: The incidences of surgeons actually going through it are so exceedingly rare that you cannot find a doctor in the West willing to do it.
Yes. I said:
It's rare ...
That may change, however.
Third Annual International BIID Meeting
"Stepping Into The Future"
Friday, June 6, 2003, 9am--5pm
Columbia University, New York City
Group Discussion re: Future Plans
* Goals of Pilot Program
o Develop screening criteria to rule in those most likely to benefit from surgery
o Develop instruments to measure intensity of BIID in order to evaluate clinical change post-surgery
o Collect pre-op and post-op data and at certain follow-up points in order to document whether improvement, if any, is sustained
o Determine that condition fits basic criteria for BIID:
+ Age at onset in childhood or adolescence
+ Reason for amputation is to restore true identity
+ Absence of other psychiatric conditions that could explain desire for amputation, especially psychosis
o Require that reversible measures be tried first: e.g.-high dose sustained trial of SSRI (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft, etc.), and psychotherapy
o Insure that some sort of assistance is available to the full-spectrum of people with BIID, including those not seeking surgery at this time
o Possible inclusion of a "real life test," possibly including use of applicable adaptive equipment for an extended period of time
* Issues to be Considered
o Are there any absolute exclusionary criteria for surgical consideration?
o What are the legal issues involved in setting up a pilot program?
o How do we identify and train therapists who are interested in working with clients with BIID, and what will be the protocol they follow?
o How do we deal with the desire/need for multiple "major limb" amputations?
o What are the socio-economic issues involved in elective amputations?
o How can information about BIID be most effectively disseminated to the international medical community (particularly the surgical and psychiatric communities)?
o Can future meetings be held abroad to increase access to those from other countries? Would an institution similar to Columbia Medical Center be available to host such a meeting?
o What will be the procedure for long-term follow-up of participants in the BIID program? (Follow-up with people who have already achieved major-limb amputation(s) at the desired site(s) to determine surgical efficacy may be a related goal.)
o How can the website be changed and/or improved to assist people in accessing information, and increase access to studies, therapist training, etc.
Biid.org 💉 Daily Medical Fitness Health & Wellness Advice

This message is a reply to:
 Message 252 by Rrhain, posted 12-01-2007 3:28 PM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 254 by Rrhain, posted 12-01-2007 5:16 PM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 255 of 270 (437874)
12-01-2007 5:21 PM
Reply to: Message 254 by Rrhain
12-01-2007 5:16 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
We don't allow people to simply hack off their limbs and we certainly don't allow parents to do it to their children simply because they feel their god wants them to or because they think it's "hygienic" or "to make him look like daddy" or due to some issue of control.
Consent, Rrhain.
Body mod folks hack their tender bits to pieces regularly.
They are perfectly welcome to do so.
Hacking a child/infant's genitals to bits is morally reprehensible.
I've made that clear on more than one occasion.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 254 by Rrhain, posted 12-01-2007 5:16 PM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
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molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 258 of 270 (438004)
12-02-2007 1:37 PM
Reply to: Message 257 by Rrhain
12-02-2007 3:16 AM


Re: This is all getting very silly
But there are limits. There comes a time when one becomes a danger to oneself.
I have yet to find an example of a person who's been prosecuted for splitting his penis in half (or any other extreme genital body mod).
Perhaps you'd like to point me to a specific case.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 257 by Rrhain, posted 12-02-2007 3:16 AM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 259 by Rrhain, posted 12-02-2007 1:46 PM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 260 of 270 (438139)
12-02-2007 11:13 PM
Reply to: Message 259 by Rrhain
12-02-2007 1:46 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
If you don't mean legal limits, what limits are you referring to?

This message is a reply to:
 Message 259 by Rrhain, posted 12-02-2007 1:46 PM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 261 by Rrhain, posted 12-03-2007 2:00 AM molbiogirl has replied
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molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 262 of 270 (438194)
12-03-2007 10:19 AM
Reply to: Message 261 by Rrhain
12-03-2007 2:00 AM


Re: This is all getting very silly
Unlike suicide, body mod has folks that can be prosecuted/regulated.
It would be a very simple matter to prosecute a body mod shop owner.
I did a bit of looking around and ... nothing.
It would be a very simple matter to exclude body mod shops thru local zoning ordinances.
Again ... nothing.
In fact, although I'm certain that some are still on the books, most local ordinances that "outlaw" tattoo parlors have been rescinded.
Is there some other sort of law/ordinance/statute that you think is being used to set "limits"?
Edited by molbiogirl, : sp

This message is a reply to:
 Message 261 by Rrhain, posted 12-03-2007 2:00 AM Rrhain has replied

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 Message 264 by Rrhain, posted 12-06-2007 3:33 AM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 267 of 270 (438851)
12-06-2007 12:24 PM
Reply to: Message 264 by Rrhain
12-06-2007 3:33 AM


Re: This is all getting very silly
Huh? If you attempt suicide, that is against the law. Why don't we prosecute those who attempt suicide? No, not the ones who succeed...the ones who fail. Why do we not prosecute those who try to kill themselves but fail?
You really ought to do your research.
wiki writes:
By the early 1990s only two US states still listed suicide as a crime, and these have since removed that classification.
In some U.S. states, suicide is still considered an unwritten "common law crime," that is, a crime based on the law of old England as stated in Blackstone's Commentaries. (So held the Virginia Supreme Court in Wackwitz v. Roy in 1992.) As a common law crime, suicide can bar recovery for the family of the suicidal person in a lawsuit unless the suicidal person can be proven to have been "of unsound mind." That is, the suicide must be proven to have been an involuntary, not voluntary, act of the victim in order for the family to be awarded money damages by the court. This can occur when the family of the deceased sues the caregiver (perhaps a jail or hospital) for negligence in failing to provide appropriate care.[3] Some legal scholars look at the issue as one of personal liberty. According to Nadine Strossen, President of the ACLU, "The idea of government making determinations about how you end your life, forcing you...could be considered cruel and unusual punishment in certain circumstances, and Justice Stevens in a very interesting opinion in a right-to-die [case] raised the analogy."[4]
What does that have to do with anything? We're talking about why certain actions are considered something that society can decide to prevent...not whether or not they actually go ahead and do it.
Helping someone commit suicide is a crime.
It is prosecuted.
Therefore, if body mod were of the same caliber, helping someone "commit" body mod would be prosecuted as well.
You mean like how tongue-splitting is illegal?
In Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana.
That's hardly "against the law".
And it has yet to be prosecuted.
If you want to argue "it's on the books", there are any number of really stupid laws that are still on the books that are not prosecuted.
Take a look at The domain name dumblaws.com is for sale.
You're missing the point: There is a line that is drawn. The question we are debating is where. Very simple question: Is it possible for a person to be a danger to himself? More difficult question: If so, how do we make that determination?
We haven't drawn that line with regard to body mod.
And, in all likelihood, we won't.
Personal freedom is too highly valued in this country.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 264 by Rrhain, posted 12-06-2007 3:33 AM Rrhain has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 269 by Rrhain, posted 12-07-2007 9:33 PM molbiogirl has replied

  
molbiogirl
Member (Idle past 2663 days)
Posts: 1909
From: MO
Joined: 06-06-2007


Message 270 of 270 (439270)
12-07-2007 11:41 PM
Reply to: Message 269 by Rrhain
12-07-2007 9:33 PM


Re: This is all getting very silly
Why was the law changed? Think carefully.
Because, when someone attempted suicide, they were never prosecuted.
wiki writes:
In the United States, suicide has never been punished as a crime nor penalized by property forfeiture or ignominious burial. Historically, various states listed the act as a felony, but all were reluctant to enforce it.
You'll note that the dead were not "punished" either by ignominious burial.
...unless you're a doctor and are careful enough to make it look like it was "easing suffering."
That is beside the point.
The fact remains, when a doctor is thought to have assisted someone in suicide, s/he is prosecuted.
I'm sorry...but you found places where it is against the law and that makes it not against the law?
Again. You missed the point.
Try to take my use of the phrase "against the law" in context.
Yes. In 3 states, tongue splitting is illegal.
It is also illegal to promise to marry a woman and then renege in Delaware and South Carolina.
That doesn't mean that it's "against the law" to ditch somebody at the alter.
It means 2 states are profoundly retarded.
Murder, on the other hand, is "against the law" (in the sense that I used it in my previous post).
It seems we have drawn a line.
No more than we have drawn a line re: the promise of marriage.
Then why are we still having huge fights over abortion?
And women still have the right to an abortion.
In fact, it shows just how highly we value personal freedom that Roe v. Wade is still standing, despite the "huge fights".

This message is a reply to:
 Message 269 by Rrhain, posted 12-07-2007 9:33 PM Rrhain has not replied

  
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