Stephenson's Baroque Cycle was probably the most amazing modern literature I have ever read. The scope is amazing. From Newton(he effectively shows, Newtons crazy obsession with religion and alchemy), to pirates, to the Ottoman empire. I am gearing up to read it again, because I know I missed a lot the first time.
Anathem is nothing like it but is also a fantastic book. He creates a completely alien world and culture. Truly stunning.