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Author Topic:   Climate Change Denier comes in from the cold: SCIENCE!!!
Minnemooseus
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Posts: 3941
From: Duluth, Minnesota, U.S. (West end of Lake Superior)
Joined: 11-11-2001
Member Rating: 10.0


(1)
Message 496 of 944 (839960)
09-19-2018 10:09 PM
Reply to: Message 495 by Taq
09-19-2018 12:55 PM


Arrr, let's get to the root correlation
Source
BTW
Moose
Edited by Minnemooseus, : Source link.
Edited by Admin, : Give the image a white background.

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Faith 
Suspended Member (Idle past 1444 days)
Posts: 35298
From: Nevada, USA
Joined: 10-06-2001


(1)
Message 497 of 944 (839961)
09-20-2018 12:47 AM
Reply to: Message 495 by Taq
09-19-2018 12:55 PM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
Higher ocean temps means more storms and stronger storms. There is no way around that. I guess people could argue that the increase in temperature isn't man made, that temperature cycles naturally. However, it is getting rather difficult to deny the facts of temperature increases and the impact it has on long term climate trends.
Yes, that's the question, what is the cause of the rise in temperature.
Somewhere not too long ago, sorry I don't remember who said it, some creationist interpreted the rise in temperature as the normal playing out of effects since the Flood. That is, the Flood brought on a horrific ice age that covered a lot of the planet and since then has been gradually receding to the poles, so the warming we're experiencing is just the continuation of that trend.
Interesting that this is bringing on more destructive storms because it does happen to correspond to the rapidly accumulating "fullness of time" for God's judgment on the planet too. I'm sure if some great number of us asked God to spare us, He would, but that isn't going to happen, is it? "Science" no matter how questionable is always preferable to prayer. In fact it's all going to continue to be imputed to human causes which is going to have political consequences that may be as devastating as the natural causes of God's judgment.
Sorry to bring up such a bummer of a thought, especially after hearing about the cute Talk Like a Pirate Day. But Avast ye and all hands on deck, not to mention shiver me timbers, for the time is at hand.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 495 by Taq, posted 09-19-2018 12:55 PM Taq has replied

Replies to this message:
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 Message 499 by Taq, posted 09-20-2018 1:16 PM Faith has replied

  
ringo
Member (Idle past 412 days)
Posts: 20940
From: frozen wasteland
Joined: 03-23-2005


Message 498 of 944 (839967)
09-20-2018 11:55 AM
Reply to: Message 497 by Faith
09-20-2018 12:47 AM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
Faith writes:
I'm sure if some great number of us asked God to spare us, He would....
That isn't how He works though, is it? He picks one person, such as Noah or Abraham, and spares one family from the general slaughter. Abraham personally advocated for the Sodomites and Gomorrites but Noah didn't even bother to do that. To be fair, he was busy building the ark, while Abraham only had to check the fire extinguishers....

And our geese will blot out the sun.

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 Message 497 by Faith, posted 09-20-2018 12:47 AM Faith has not replied

  
Taq
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Posts: 9972
Joined: 03-06-2009
Member Rating: 5.6


(2)
Message 499 of 944 (839969)
09-20-2018 1:16 PM
Reply to: Message 497 by Faith
09-20-2018 12:47 AM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
Faith writes:
Yes, that's the question, what is the cause of the rise in temperature.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which means it traps heat in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature correlates with the massive increases in carbon dioxide. That massive increase in carbon dioxide correlates with humans burning massive amounts of fossil fuels.
The cause seems pretty clear to me.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 497 by Faith, posted 09-20-2018 12:47 AM Faith has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 501 by Faith, posted 09-20-2018 11:08 PM Taq has replied

  
caffeine
Member (Idle past 1024 days)
Posts: 1800
From: Prague, Czech Republic
Joined: 10-22-2008


Message 500 of 944 (839977)
09-20-2018 3:29 PM
Reply to: Message 492 by Percy
09-18-2018 9:16 AM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
The climate change prediction for the New England region is that we would become warmer and wetter. We were warmer this summer than we've ever been. I thought wetter would mean more rain, but it turned out to mean higher humidity - it was a very hot and humid summer. The warmer part also means less snow. We get more rain in the winter now than we used to.
While I understand that climate change is supposed to mean wetter climates overall, the recent trend here in recent years seems to be drier. Less snowfall in winter and less rainfall in summer. It's unquestionably gotten hotter over the last decade though; and we haven't really had a winter for the past few years.
Edited by caffeine, : No reason given.

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 Message 492 by Percy, posted 09-18-2018 9:16 AM Percy has replied

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Faith 
Suspended Member (Idle past 1444 days)
Posts: 35298
From: Nevada, USA
Joined: 10-06-2001


Message 501 of 944 (839986)
09-20-2018 11:08 PM
Reply to: Message 499 by Taq
09-20-2018 1:16 PM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
I wonder how the assumption of billions of years for the age of the earth affects calculations of natural causes of CO2 production as opposed to thousands of years. Just wondering. Also, if the theory that there is a natural trend of warming since the Flood is true, human contributions might be speeding it up now, but it would still continue in any case.

This message is a reply to:
 Message 499 by Taq, posted 09-20-2018 1:16 PM Taq has replied

Replies to this message:
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jar
Member (Idle past 394 days)
Posts: 34026
From: Texas!!
Joined: 04-20-2004


(1)
Message 502 of 944 (839991)
09-21-2018 8:20 AM
Reply to: Message 501 by Faith
09-20-2018 11:08 PM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
Faith writes:
I wonder how the assumption of billions of years for the age of the earth affects calculations of natural causes of CO2 production as opposed to thousands of years.
There is no assumption of billions of years for the age of the Earth but rather a conclusions based on absolute and overwhelming evidence.
Faith writes:
Also, if the theory that there is a natural trend of warming since the Flood is true, human contributions might be speeding it up now, but it would still continue in any case.
There is no such theory and there is absolute and overwhelming evidence that there has never been a Biblical Flood during the time humans existed.

My Sister's Website: Rose Hill Studios My Website: My Website

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Percy
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Posts: 22392
From: New Hampshire
Joined: 12-23-2000
Member Rating: 5.2


(1)
Message 503 of 944 (839997)
09-21-2018 11:43 AM
Reply to: Message 500 by caffeine
09-20-2018 3:29 PM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
caffeine writes:
While I understand that climate change is supposed to mean wetter climates overall, the recent trend here in recent years seems to be drier. Less snowfall in winter and less rainfall in summer. It's unquestionably gotten hotter over the last decade though; and we haven't really had a winter for the past few years.
The nature of any climate change will differ around the world. Changes could be in any direction, including warmer/colder and wetter/drier. On average the global temperature will rise.
The biggest climate change could be to Europe if Greenland's melting glaciers disrupt the Gulf Stream that keeps Europe's climate moderate.
--Percy

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Taq
Member
Posts: 9972
Joined: 03-06-2009
Member Rating: 5.6


(2)
Message 504 of 944 (839999)
09-21-2018 1:28 PM
Reply to: Message 501 by Faith
09-20-2018 11:08 PM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
Faith writes:
I wonder how the assumption of billions of years for the age of the earth affects calculations of natural causes of CO2 production as opposed to thousands of years. Just wondering.
All we need is the data from the last 200 years or so.
reference
There is also a shift towards 12C in the isotope concentrations in atmospheric CO2, and fossil fuels are rich in 12C compared to other natural sources like dissolved CO2 in the ocean and CO2 from volcanic eruptions. All of the evidence points to humans increasing atmospheric CO2 by more than 30%.
Also, if the theory that there is a natural trend of warming since the Flood is true, human contributions might be speeding it up now, but it would still continue in any case.
That's a made up fantasy, not a theory. There is a difference between the two.

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Tanypteryx
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Posts: 4344
From: Oregon, USA
Joined: 08-27-2006
Member Rating: 5.9


(2)
Message 505 of 944 (840014)
09-21-2018 6:35 PM
Reply to: Message 503 by Percy
09-21-2018 11:43 AM


Re: Anyone still doubt climate change?
The biggest climate change could be to Europe if Greenland's melting glaciers disrupt the Gulf Stream that keeps Europe's climate moderate.
The biggest changes occurring right now appear to be warming in some arctic regions of 20-30 degrees. That warming is leading to the thawing of tundra and the release of massive amounts of methane, a more effective greenhouse gas than CO2.
An interesting consequence of this warming period is sea level rise from expansion of warmer water and from melting glaciers. We are living through a period of ocean transgression and can observe the patterns of erosion and deposition around the continents.
Our very own realtime Walther's Law Experiments.

What if Eleanor Roosevelt had wings? -- Monty Python
One important characteristic of a theory is that is has survived repeated attempts to falsify it. Contrary to your understanding, all available evidence confirms it. --Subbie
If evolution is shown to be false, it will be at the hands of things that are true, not made up. --percy
The reason that we have the scientific method is because common sense isn't reliable. -- Taq

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Percy
Member
Posts: 22392
From: New Hampshire
Joined: 12-23-2000
Member Rating: 5.2


Message 506 of 944 (841664)
10-18-2018 9:19 AM


A Sort Of Climate Change Related Question
An article in today's Washington Post (Houses intact after Hurricane Michael were often saved by low-cost reinforcements) says that one of the contributing factors to houses that survived was use of windstorm plywood.
Googling windstorm plywood didn't tell me anything I could understand. Windstorm plywood eliminates blocking, but what is blocking? Even Wikipedia just left me more confused. And windstorm plywood reduces or eliminates the need for metal hardware. How is that possible?
I'd be grateful if anyone can provide a simple explanation of how windstorm plywood is different from normal plywood, what is the blocking that is eliminated, how is it possible to attach plywood to a frame without "metal hardware", and how these differences add up to a house that is more resistant to high winds?
Just curious. Thanks!
--Percy

Replies to this message:
 Message 507 by Stile, posted 10-18-2018 10:12 AM Percy has replied

  
Stile
Member
Posts: 4295
From: Ontario, Canada
Joined: 12-02-2004


Message 507 of 944 (841666)
10-18-2018 10:12 AM
Reply to: Message 506 by Percy
10-18-2018 9:19 AM


Re: A Sort Of Climate Change Related Question
I have a few answers, maybe a springboard for more searching?
First, a bit on blocking.
First of all, to remove confusion, I believe blocking is not "getting in the way of something" blocking... but more "using a block of wood" to add structural support blocking.
Think of framing a wall.
You have the base 2x4, and the top one.
Then you have the studs going vertically each one spaced by however-much (12" normally? 16"?... whatever it needs to be).
The "blocking" is the horizontal short pieces that go inbetween the studs.
When you have a frame, and you put plywood on the outside of it (think of the building of the exterior walls of a house)... I think this is called "shearing" a wall.
Plywood comes in 4x8 sheets. However, these sheets are not always long enough to go from base-to-top of a framing wall (think of a 9' ceiling or something like that...). Therefore, you end up with "horizontal joints" in-between the plywood that is not located at the base-2x4 or the top-2x4. This "shearing horizontal joint" is in the middle of the wall... only connecting to the studs.
I think the point of the "blocking" is to put in some horizontal support so you can nail in the plywood along these middle-horizontal joints.
Without this... you can have plywood supported more on it's vertical sides (nailed into vertical studs) than it will be supported along it's horizontal top and bottom. This would make the structure weaker.
Now... that's all normal shearing. Normal plywood on a normal frame.
Windstorm plywood (again, I think...) is special plywood that is created long enough to go from the base-2x4 to the top-2x4 of the framing without the need of a middle joint.
Therefore you don't need need the "blocking" to support the "additional hardware" to support the plywood along the middle-horizontal-seam... because there is no middle-horizontal-seam. The only horizontal seams would be along the already existing base-2x4 and top-2x4.
I also found this link helpful:
Windstorm FAQ
-Especially the section under "What is special about Windstorm and why does it work?"

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 Message 506 by Percy, posted 10-18-2018 9:19 AM Percy has replied

Replies to this message:
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 Message 509 by Percy, posted 10-18-2018 5:51 PM Stile has replied

  
ringo
Member (Idle past 412 days)
Posts: 20940
From: frozen wasteland
Joined: 03-23-2005


Message 508 of 944 (841671)
10-18-2018 11:58 AM
Reply to: Message 507 by Stile
10-18-2018 10:12 AM


Re: A Sort Of Climate Change Related Question
I think you have it about right. According to the Lowes website, windstorm sheathing comes in 10-foot lengths. What they illustrate isn't actually plywood; it's chipboard, which is what is normally used for sheathing (up here out of hurricane-range, anyway).
As for "additional hardware", you can get aluminum clips with an H cross-section to reinforce joints that don't have blocking behind them.

And our geese will blot out the sun.

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 Message 507 by Stile, posted 10-18-2018 10:12 AM Stile has seen this message but not replied

  
Percy
Member
Posts: 22392
From: New Hampshire
Joined: 12-23-2000
Member Rating: 5.2


Message 509 of 944 (841676)
10-18-2018 5:51 PM
Reply to: Message 507 by Stile
10-18-2018 10:12 AM


Re: A Sort Of Climate Change Related Question
Thanks, now I get what blocking is. The main idea is to use one piece of plywood from base to top, making blocking part way up unnecessary. But how is "no blocking" stronger than blocking? It seems that blocking done correctly should even stronger since two parallel studs with no horizontal block between them have to be weaker than when there are one or more horizontal blocks. One guess would be that "no blocking" provides no joints into which wind could get a grip, but the plywood is covered by siding, so that couldn't be it unless it's intended for after the wind strips off the siding.
I can see how "no blocking" reduces the need for hardware, since blocking requires extra nails, but not how it could eliminate it. How could plywood be fastened to studs without nails?
Now I'm looking at https://www.norbord.com/na/wall-sheathing/windstorm/.
quote:
Eliminates the gable end hinge point when Windstorm extends beyond the bottom chord
What is the "gable end hinge point"? Is that the top of the gable? And what is the "bottom chord"?
quote:
Lengths cover from the wall bottom plate up to the underside of the top chord with one Windstorm structural sheathing panel.
What is a top chord? Is this the underside of the roof?
quote:
Roof hurricane clips may be eliminated in most areas of the country because Windstorm connects the roof system to the wall system and prevents lift and roll over.
A hurricane clip fastens the top plate to the roof trusses and/or rafters. How do plywood sheets that extend all the way up to the roof eliminate the need for hurricane clips or at least something to fasten the roof to the top plate? Do these longer plywood sheets somehow get attached to the roof?
However it is done, how does it prevent "lift and roll over"? How would it "prevent lift" since this whole junction between plywood sheath and roof is covered by the soffit?
quote:
Eliminates the hinge point at the truss and top plate connection and eliminates the blocking.
This is closely related to the previous point. I'm still not sure how their extra long plywood sheathing is connected to the roof, so maybe understanding what that looks like would explain why they think the "hinge point" where the roof connects to the plywood is no longer a hinge point. Even if the fastening is more secure it still has to be a "hinge point," doesn't it?
This is from the Windstorm FAQ.
quote:
Windstorm panels can eliminate or reduce stud to plate connectors and floor to floor connector straps.
If there are no or fewer stud to plate connectors and floor to floor connector straps, doesn't that just mean using more nails? I'm still not getting how it's possible to ever eliminate hardware. Are nails not considered hardware?
quote:
Windstorm offers an easy, efficient way to eliminate unnecessary horizontal joints altogether, thus significantly reducing wall air leakage.
Is wall air leakage a significant contributor to exerting destructive force on a structure during high winds?
Sorry to be a nuisance with all the questions. Obviously I shouldn't go into the building trades.
--Percy

This message is a reply to:
 Message 507 by Stile, posted 10-18-2018 10:12 AM Stile has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 510 by Stile, posted 10-19-2018 9:47 AM Percy has replied

  
Stile
Member
Posts: 4295
From: Ontario, Canada
Joined: 12-02-2004


(2)
Message 510 of 944 (841689)
10-19-2018 9:47 AM
Reply to: Message 509 by Percy
10-18-2018 5:51 PM


Re: A Sort Of Climate Change Related Question
Disclaimer again - not my area of expertise - but here goes with another possible-explanation.
Percy writes:
But how is "no blocking" stronger than blocking? It seems that blocking done correctly should even stronger since two parallel studs with no horizontal block between them have to be weaker than when there are one or more horizontal blocks.
Yes, you are correct if taken literally.
That is... blocking is better than no blocking if you're not going to add any plywood to the outside of the wall.
However... a wall is not as literally described here. The sheathing (the plywood on the outside) acts just as well as the blocking as far as bracing for lateral movement. In fact, it acts even better because it's larger and connects multiple studs instead of just two specific studs. It also has multiple nails in it per-stud or per-connection... where each blocking only has one point of connection to each stud.
To prove this point... think of an Ikea-ish bookshelf. Have you ever put one of these together?
You lay the long sides down, you put the top and bottom on and you add in the shelves.
Here, the shelves act like the blocking would in a framed wall as far as lateral-movement is concerned.
However, if you've ever stood up a shelving unit at this point, you know it's very weak against lateral-movement still. If you push it from one side, the two side-ends (the "studs") push over together and the "blocking" shelves barely do anything to stop this motion. Of course... the shelves aren't nailed into the studs where the blocking would be... but this isn't adding a lot of structure... only the connection point of the single-nails-per-blocking-per-stud. It's still relative-ly weak against lateral movement.
However, there's always that super-flimsy back piece you put on those shelves. Put that on... and the entire shelf suddenly becomes super-rigid. This back piece is the sheathing... the plywood we put on an exterior wall. It's very good at preventing lateral movement because it connects the top and bottom and all the studs together into their "full square shape" with multiple connection points (multiple nails per stud or top/bottom piece.)
A non-windstorm plywood is good... but if it is jointed in the middle it means it's not connecting the top and bottom and studs all together. It's only connecting the top and studs... or maybe just the bottom and studs. This is "good" but connecting all 4 sides... top, bottom and studs... all together with one large-enough windstorm-plywood (or whatever it's made of) is much better for bracing against lateral movement.
Also, there's a step-back view of the whole structure.
Windstorm plywood is larger... so you have less pieces in total. Regular plywood is smaller and would require more smaller pieces to fit together in order to cover all external faces.
When dealing with structural support... larger one-piece things are always stronger than smaller-multiple-pieces-connected-together things. Therefore, even without blocking, the less-pieces-because-they're-bigger idea of the windstorm plywood covering is stronger than the smaller-multiple-pieces-connected-together idea of the non-windstorm plywood.
What is the "gable end hinge point"? Is that the top of the gable? And what is the "bottom chord"?
What is a top chord? Is this the underside of the roof?
Let's go through some pictures:
Basic Truss
Just need to look at the top-most picture on the right side here.
A Truss is one-triangle-piece of a roof support system.
Bottom chord is the base of the triangle.
Top chord is either one of the two top-sides of the triangle.
Examine the blow-up of the overhang. Understand that the "butt cut" is the part of the roof-truss that is exposed to the exterior wall-side, but not covered by the truss's top chord.
Gable End Frame
I believe a "gable" is a bunch of trusses all together to form a roof. As shown in this picture.
Notice how the wind is hitting the flat-face of the end-truss of the gable. This is the gable end frame.
The same wind direction is used in the following pictures:
Gable End Hinge Point
We're now looking at the side of the gable... that's why we no longer see the triangle shape.
Notice here that the wind is bending the structure where the gable meets the base structure (roof meets top of wall.)
Notice how this gable has it's own sheathing and the base structure has it's own. This separation is causing most of the gable end hinge point problem.
Now with a single piece of sheathing going from bottom of base structure to top of gable:
No More Gable End Hinge Point
Here, the wind's force is distributed across the entire face of the windstorm sheathing. (The picture doesn't clarify this very well at all - in fact, it makes it seem like it isn't... but it really is - that's just physics.)
The roof and wall system are now "connected" and the hinge point disappears.
How do plywood sheets that extend all the way up to the roof eliminate the need for hurricane clips or at least something to fasten the roof to the top plate? Do these longer plywood sheets somehow get attached to the roof?
However it is done, how does it prevent "lift and roll over"? How would it "prevent lift" since this whole junction between plywood sheath and roof is covered by the soffit?
I think these questions go back to the first picture again. Remember the "butt cut?"
If the butt cut is not covered by plywood, or covered with it's own plywood and not connected to the wall - because the wall-plywood was not large enough - this would make "lift" a difficult problem. It would only be single-point hurricane clips holding the roof to the wall structure.
Now, add in windstorm sheathing that goes from the bottom of the wall structure up to the top chord of the roof truss - covering the entire butt cut as well.
This, again like the flimsy-back-piece of the Ikea shelves, adds much more structure and many more connection points between the wall structure and the roof structure.
"Lift force" from the wind still exists - this will always exist as long as the overhang exists.
However, going from single-point-connection hurricane clips to mutliple-point-and-single-large-piece windstorm sheathing connections is such a huge gain is structural stability that it reduces it so much some claim it to be "eliminated."
The soffit isn't structural... it doesn't add in to this in any significant way. Any lift force generated because of wind and the overhang (regardless of it going on the soffit or not) will be transferred to the structural connection of the hurricane clips or the windstorm sheathing. The roof will want to come off all together ("rolling") this puts strain on the connection between roof-and-wall/base.
If there are no or fewer stud to plate connectors and floor to floor connector straps, doesn't that just mean using more nails? I'm still not getting how it's possible to ever eliminate hardware. Are nails not considered hardware?
I think this is more of a laymans vs. expert terminology thing.
I really don't know, because I'm very much a layman here as well.
My guess is that nails are technically "hardware" in the sense that you will find them in the hardware section of any hardware store.
However... they are considered so much fundamental hardware that they are sometimes not included when discussing "using hardware" especially when the context is around using other-connection-things that are not nails/screws/bolts... like hurricane clips or plate-connectors or straps or anything else like that.
So I think this is a definitional/contextual confusion issue more than anything else.
Maybe if you're talking about "getting nails" you can say you're getting hardware for the job.
However, if you're talking about all-the-other-connection-types... and you mention dealing with "the hardware" you would be referring to everything-that-connects-stuff but not really including the nails (because nails are so fundamental and obviously required).
Is wall air leakage a significant contributor to exerting destructive force on a structure during high winds?
This one... I'm really not sure.
Maybe? Or maybe something else entirely like R-Value of the wall in general (nothing to do with hurricanes or winds?).
As far as high winds are concerned... my initial thought is that gaps/seams would help (assuming all other structure aspects are equalized somehow)... because wind blowing through something causes a lot less force than wind getting trapped by something. That why I think this might have something to do with non-hurricane-winds benefits.
But maybe it's touching on the idea of more-seams = more-little-pieces-connected-together-instead-of-solid-one-piece-things... which would also imply that the structure is weaker against wind forces (more joints = more possible bending/weakening locations).

This message is a reply to:
 Message 509 by Percy, posted 10-18-2018 5:51 PM Percy has replied

Replies to this message:
 Message 511 by Percy, posted 10-21-2018 8:51 AM Stile has replied

  
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