NvC-1: What is the premise of Naturalism in Biology?

It has EVERYTHING to do with we are discussing. There is no natural law that says a rock must have a specific shape or a specific composition. This is just like tRNAs. The shape and composition of a rock is the result of historical contingencies and natural laws, and the very same thing is true of tRNAs and the genetic code. Why can't natural laws explain those? This is your claim, you need to support it with evidence.

You haven't offered any facts. All you do is assert that something can't be produced by natural laws without any facts to back it. Based on what evidence?

All of this is the product of natural brains operating through natural processes. Not knowing the exact history of a process does not mean it violates natural laws. Do you know what an argument from ignorance is? Those words and agreements are the product of natural laws as described by neurobiology.

Cavendish calculated the gravitational constant in his famous experiments. Maxwell and others were able to measure the permitivity and permiability of space which allowed them to calculate the speed of light. Einstein was able to calculate the distortion of spacetime due to velocity. You sure you know what you are talking about? Physics is the underlying process that gives rise to humor. The brain is matter, after all. Physics underlies neurobiology which produces all of those things.

Thank you for the entertainment. A giggle in the middle of the day always cheers me up.

All of that is controlled by enzyme kinetics and and binding between complementary nucleotide bases. It's all natural processes.

The key point is basic chemistry. Biomolecules stick to one another because of chemistry and physics.What regulates the expression of a gene? The binding of transcription factors to the DNA upstream of the gene. What controls the binding of the transcription factors? Chemistry and physics. The physical shape and chemical characteristics of the amino acids across the protein determine what it will bind to. Certain amino acid sequences produce a folded protein that specifically binds to specific DNA sequences. If those sequences are upstream of a gene, those proteins will bind to that region. Other physical and chemical features on the protein then promote the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA molecule, and what results is RNA transcription. ALL of it is physics and chemistry.Transcription factor - WikipediaYou should also study the classic lac promoter found in E. coli:lac operon - WikipediaLet's also look at post-transcriptional regulation by micro-RNA's. How does that work? micro-RNA's bind to a protein complex in the same way that other proteins bind to DNA promoter regions. The micro-RNA has a 7 or 8 base section called a seed sequence, and if a 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of an mRNA has a sequence complementary the mico-RNA/protein complex will bind to that 3' UTR. The presence of that bound complex prevents the mRNA from being translated into protein. That is how post-transcriptional gene regulation works, and all of it occurs through natural processes. Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and HaematologyEdited by Taq, : No reason given.Edited by Taq, : No reason given.

Again, read up on the lac operon:The lac operon (article) | Gene regulation | Khan AcademyIt explains all of the physics and chemistry that allows for beta-lactamase to be expressed at the right time in the right place and in the right quantities. Where do you demonstrate that the functioning of the lac operon doesn't follow natural laws?

Do the genetic differences between the chimp and human genomes give each species meaningful genetic information? Yep. Those are the mutations you are looking for.

Ok. Let's first look at transversion and transition mutations. A transition is a point mutation where similar bases are switched out for each other. Cytosine and thymine have one ring while adenine and guanine have two rings. A transition is a switch between C and T or A and G. A transversion is a point mutation where dissimilar bases are switched out for one another, such as an A being switched out by a C or T.The proteins that copy DNA have a harder time distinguishing between similar bases as compared to dissimilar bases. Therefore, we should see more transitions than transversions. That's exactly what we see. Below is the per base human mutation rate for transitions and transversions taken from Kong et al. (2013):Transition at non-CpG 6.1810‘9
Transversion at non-CpG 3.7610‘9So transitions are about twice as common as transversions even though there are two possible transversions at each base compared to just one transition. These are de novo mutations measured in humans using genome sequence of parents and their offspring. In nature, we see exactly what we would expect to see from natural processes producing mutations.It goes even farther.There is another type of substitution mutation called a CpG mutation. When there is a CG in a sequence the C is susceptible to methylation. Subsequent deamination of the methylated C results in a T. Let's include CpG mutations to our list from Kong et al. (2013):Transition at non-CpG 6.1810‘9
Transition at CpG 1.1210‘7
Transversion at non-CpG 3.7610‘9
Transversion at CpG 9.5910‘9Notice how the rate of CpG transitions is so much higher than the others. Again, this is the hallmark of naturally occurring point mutations.Are we on the same page so far?Edited by Taq, : No reason given.Edited by Taq, : No reason given.Edited by Taq, : No reason given.

You are wearing out your hobby horse.

So says the person who didn't know what exons and introns are.If you don't think my posts are worthy of comment then don't respond to them.

In case you didn't notice, this isn't a topic on the math of population genetics. One of the signs of a crackpot is that they bring up the same stale topic no matter what the thread is about.

Absolutely.The first step in explaining the evidence is in my post on transversions and transitions. Naturally occurring point mutations result in a higher rate of transitions compared to transversions, with CpG mutations having the highest rate. Do you agree with this explanation?

Evidence of what? What point are you trying to make? Do you have something other than insulting people while demanding that they do math problems? You tell us. Get to the point.