Sand usually has a high drainage rate (hydraulic conductivity) assuming limited compaction and low ratios of silt and clay. It is all about the size and connectivity of the pores. Bigger particles have bigger pores and more likely to be connected pores so the water flows more easily - straight paths and less friction.
Sand - 4.74 in/hr
Loam (sand, silt mix) - 0.13 in/hr
Clay - 0.01 in/hr
Source: Rawls, W.J. et al., (1983). J. Hyd. Engr., 109:1316.
Show me the rock
Water in the form of dew or rain falls on the soil and percolates in. The surface material is dissolved (for lack of a better term) by the relatively pure water. The now mineral laden water percolates down into the soil column. Given the limited volume of water available, the water will reach a point where the entire volume of water will be adhered to the surface of the soil pores (if the water table is too deep to reach). Movement of the water stops.
From this situation, the dissolved minerals will bind to the soil due to evaporation of the water, absorption into the soil chemistry, etc.
The deposited minerals will bind the soil particles together and gradually fill all the pores.
One result is a sedimentary rock layer called caliche.
Caliche - Wikipedia
Note that the deposition of the dissolved minerals won't change the basic structure of the soils, just fill the pores. I think this would be one method for lithifying a dune into sandstone with visible cross bedding.
As the pores fill, less water will pass through the layer of forming caliche, so the soil above will hold the water. As that water evaporates, etc, the caliche layer will grow up. With enough time and water, the entire surface soil layer can turn into caliche.
Edited by 14174dm, : No reason given.
Edited by 14174dm, : Just can't leave it alone