Hi Aquilegia,
Welcome to EvC, I hope you take the time to learn a little something here. I will tackle your point number 3:
Aquilegia writes:
Snakes and humans. If evolution were correct, then reptiles would be genetically closer to other reptiles than, say, birds. However, when tested, snakes turned out to be closer to humans than any other. So did snakes evolve from some mammal? Or was everything created at the same time with roughly the same code.
This is just simply false. In all genetic taxonomies I have seen snakes fall out with other diapsids and group with lizards as Lepidosauromorpha within the diapsid clade. What I suspect you are referring to is the old 1965 molecular sequence of the cytochrome-c protein that showed that humans and rattlesnakes had very similar aa sequences in this protein. First of all the similarity is not as great as once believed (although still remarkably similar). A 1991 study (Ambler & Daniel, 1991) found a great deal of error in the 1965 work, and they discuss the pitfalls of non-genetic molecular phylogenies. Basically, because of the highly conserved nature and redundancy of some proteins, they do not make good phylogenetic trees because they tend to re-evolve multiple times, exist in several forms in a single species, etc. Think about hemoglobin, it is found in tetrapods but also in some clams, worms, etc. No one would think a valid tree could be drawn using just one protein such as hemoglobin. The authors also discuss the high rate of convergence in cytochrome sequences in widely different taxa again reinforcing how it cannot be used alone for phylogenies.
Ambler RP and Daniel M (1991) Rattlesnake cytochrome c. A re-appraisal of the reported amino acid sequence. Biochemical Journal 274(3):825-831
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