But from what I understand, the speed of light can be measured only if the transmitter and the receiver are both laboratorically at hand. |
Your understanding is not correct. As an example Roemer produced an estimate of the speed of light in 1670 by measuring the discrepancies in the observed positions of one of Jupiter's moon (Io). Neither the source of the light (the sun) or the reflecting object (Io) were accessible to Roemer.
What is necessary to measure the speed of light, is a distance to traverse, and an indication of the time for traversing that distance. The distance need not include the point of transmission.
Further, it is impossible to measure the speed of light by measuring the energy of a photon because photons always travel at the same speed. So the fact that there are multiple sources of red-blue shift is irrelevant.
if there is dark matter, this would certainly mess with the rate of development of a star or galaxy |
Surely, eh? So what would be the mechanism for dark matter to affect the development of a star?
If you are interested in how the distance to astronomical objects are determined I recommend the following wikipedia article as a start.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder
And you aren't working on anything like a "theory".
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