I’m not an expert, but I do know the answer to most of these
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1. Does anybody out there know some examples at the SNP (single nucelotide polymorphism) and amino-acid level?
Sickle-cell for one.
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2. Something I have wanted to know for years - blue/brown eyes - what are the allele amino-acid sequences/differences/SNP(s)?
Hmm. I’d like to know too.
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3. Do allele's differ trivially or by many amino-acids?
Can be one or many. Allele typically refers to something recognized by its phenotypic effect.
Technically, a synonymous mutation (no new amino acid selected) would qualify as an allele, but would more accurately be called a haplotype.
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4. What patterns are there? Two alleles seems to be very common but is this just in the simplified dominant/recessive case?
The latest number I've seen is that an individual human runs about 6.7% heterozygous. So, the majority of loci are homozygous (1 allele only)
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5. Of course there are lots of SNPs which don't have a clear phenotypic trait. Are these referred to in some special way?
Haplotype.
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