don't knw the name of the process, but the effect is polyploidy. This happens most commonly in plants, and I know there are a couple of frogs that have this too.
Polyploidy is nothing more than having a duplicate of every chromosome pair. So you go from having ten chromosome pairs to 20 pairs, but the second ten are duplicates of the first ten.
as to those bacteria, they don't have chromosomes. A chromosome is a very long strand of DNA wrapped up around histone proteins, which is lacking in bacteria.
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