I posted this in my
Stanford University Conference Videos: Brain, Mind and Emergence thread, but since there's no response there, I'll assume nobody read it. So I'll re-post it here, because I think it's extremely relevant.
In 2003,
Dr. Robert Sapolsky gave a talk at conference on Cognition hosted at Stanford University (you can
view the talk here for free). His talk discussed the differences between humans and non-humans. One of his major points was that, while humans clearly use the same basic systems as other animals, they often use them in ways that are novel and unique.
Below is the summary of a subpoint of how the mammalian dopaminergic system works, and a proposal on how humans use it uniquely. This was discussed from 27:30 until 31:00 in the video, and I would highly recommend watching it.
Summary:
Can religious belief be explained simply by the nature of dopamine receptors?
- Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure (it is manipulated by drugs such as cocaine). This is well understood in the neursciences, and is not specific to humans at all.
- Dopamine does not peak at the gratification point; instead, it peaks during the ANTICIPATION of the reward. (Sapolsky talks about a delay-reward task with monkeys to describe this phenomenon)
- The clear extension is that, animals will want to keep the dopamine levels as high as possible. In other words, anticipation.
- Smolinksy extends this to argue that, ultimately, this is where afterlife, martyrdom, etc. come from. The reward is pushed off so far into the future, that
So I think this does 2 things:
- Provides some biological evidence that, yes, there is some 'carrot' reward system.
- Clarify the nature of the system, to show that it's not afterlife that has to be the reward. As long as there is always something in the future to strive for, the system of delayed reward and extended anticipation will work.
Ben