this is just a small side point,
Loud, how does one "know" what is "ad hoc" if one accepts a dual model approach to science C or E. I suppose if one used the duality to polarize ones model,tradition,paradigm or pedagogy then what is ad hoc would be clear but I find the most information on c/e comes from looking at BOTH models together. That is why we have c/e webs of links but no c/e school depts as of yet so either I answered my own question or you could say a little better what criteria or means one uses to "discern" what is ad hoc and what is not to be added?
I'll post once in this vein and then maybe we could start a new thread, it would make a good topic perhaps.
I believe that something is ad hoc if there is no evidence to back it up. From the evo side, if evo's claimed that mutation was the driving force for evolution but were unable to demonstrate mutation currently, or at least a mechanism, then it would simply be ad hoc. The fact is, we can observe mutation (and natural selection for that matter) and so evo is on firm footing. Presuming a time line and then coming up with mechanisms that have never been observed, or go against observed phenomenon, to support it seems ad hoc to me.
If you are going to take a "dual theory" stance, by what criteria do you judge evidence by? For me, natural methodology seems to be the most appropriate. If this methodology is ignored, then anything that doesn't fit your theory can be explained as a supernatural phenomenon, what some people call "goddidit". How fair is it, in a scientific or evidenciary position, to handwave away unexplainable observations to supernatural forces? By what criteria do you narrow down the possible supernatural deity in the face of numerous creation accounts in different religions? Before the Germ Theory, disease was thought to be caused by evil spirits. Why doesn't this theory have its place in modern medicine? How do we know that infectious disease used to be caused by evil spirits but is now caused by microorganisms? The "dual theory" stance goes much further than C v E if religious documents (including the Christian Bible) are taken literally.