But the steamship was much cheaper - and still is.
If you're talking about cheaper in a monetary sense, that's not exactly relevant to the "more with less" thesis. The price of goods, material, and labor is subject to the vicissitudes of the sociopolitical environment. Money is an industrial tool -- an artifact of human ingenuity -- which is only one way of measuring the total value/cost of an endeavor.
Nor are circumnavigation and orbiting "the same task".
Sure it is. It's the task of getting a member of our species to begin at one point of the earth, circle around it, and arrive back at that approximate point. But, if this example doesn't do it for you, then the "more with less" narrative can be extended to aircraft instead of rockets.
Your example is actually "doing something completely different with way more resources".
With way more resources as measured by mass? Do you have empirical evidence to validate the idea that more mass was required on the back-end to engineer the first rocket that orbited the planet than the mass required to engineer the first steel steamship to circumnavigate the earth? It doesn't even have to be empirical evidence; I'm just curious why you think that "more resources" (as measured by mass, 'cause that's what "more with less" is all about) were required for the rocket than for the ship.
It's political mumbo-jumbo, nothing more.
It's not really political, though.