RAZD wrote:
quote:
Five years ago, Science's cover sported the visage of Albert Einstein looking shocked by 1998's Breakthrough of the Year: the accelerating universe. Two teams of astronomers had seen the faint imprint of a ghostly force in the death rattles of dying stars.
"The accelerating universe" is a misinterpretation of measurings of the galaxies' radiation where Edwin Hubble found that the spectral lines are redshifted. The right explanation is that the radiation's waves are fractionally dissipating by elongation, which implies accelerated displacement of the radiation’s wave-spectrum. This phenomenon was not understood but interpreted as a Doppler-velocity caused by the galaxies recession -- so Hubble multiplied the redshift-rate with the light-speed (c) and fond (1929) that all galaxies seem to move away at 500 km/s/Mpc.
Max Planck also analyzed measurements from (heat) radiation and he found that there was a constant change with the increasing wavelengths. Planck interpreted it as changes of energy measured as temperature, but didn't understand his interpretation. (See his Nobel speech at
Management trainee till Nobelstiftelsen - NobelPrize.org)
The answer is that both Hubble and Planck have measured the same phenomenon but made different and wrong interpretations.
It is not the universe that is expanding or accelerating, but it is the radiation's wave-spectrum that is accelerating by elongation.
Planck analyzed measurings of heat-radiation’s wavelengths-units, but transformed it to frequency-units to compare the temperature as energy per time-unit (effect). But it isn't the heat-radiation's energy (temperature) that is quantified, it is the radiation’s wave-units that are constantly displaced by the fractional rate of 6.6 x 10^-34.
Wien's displacement law demonstrates that wavelength and temperature are proportional to each other.
So, Hubble found but didn't understand that the radiation is displaced by the same rate that Planck found but neither understood. It implies that the galaxies' radiation is redshifted 1 Angstrom per 16 million light-year. Astronomers have reduced this number by an asymptotic equation to not exceed 100% of the light-spectrum's redshift, which should imply velocities faster than c.
RAZD wrote:
quote:
Twenty-three percent is exotic matter: dark mass that astrophysicists believe is made up of an as-yet-undetected particle. And the remainder, 73%, is dark energy.
Dark matter is an interpretation of the misunderstood distribution of the velocity of the stars in the rotating spiral galaxies.
Measurements show that all stars have the same velocity. This has been interpreted as if the galaxies rotate as a stiff plate which should be impossible according to Kepler's laws. Their orbital velocities must decrease with their increasing distance. So dark matter was invented as a help-hypothesis to explains this anomaly.
But the right explanation is that they (Zwicky and Rubin et. al.) have mixed up angular velocity with orbital velocity.
But the Doppler-measurings reveal the same orbital velocity of all stars in a galaxy-arm, which means that their angular velocities decreases proportionally with increasing distance and in balance with the decreasing gravitation from the galaxy-center. Which is in harmony with Kepler’s laws.
So there is no need for dark matter to explain the rotating galaxies' just apparent velocity-anomaly.
There is nether need for dark energy to explain the accelerating redshift.
Ingvar Astrand, Sweden
The Unified Theory of Physics
™ Version 4.2
