But we can say that about the car and the ball because we observe the two travelling together.If a person were to drop the ball from the car then it would end up behind the car as a common sense would dictate since the car is moving. If we stand on an earth that is moving at 1500 feet per second {far faster than the car} it would follow from this logic that a ball released from our hand or a cannonball shot into the air must fall a great distance even in a short period of time.
The ball and the hand in the car are maintained at equal relative velocity by the car--a ball tossed from the car drops quickly behind because the car no longer supplies the force to keep it moving.
The cannon and the cannonball are tethered to the earth by gravity, not by containment within the atmosphere per se or by contact with the earth. There would be some slight attenuation of gravitational pull as the cannonball rose, but not enough to make an appreciable difference--unless the cannonball rose far enough to reach near-orbital heights.
That's my theory, and I'm sticking to it.