Q 1: Is Evolution a verified 'constant' - and is this a universal constant, or a localised one which effects only one planet?
How can one discuss a phenomenon without a definitive preamble of its status!?
I think in the broadest terms possible it is correct to say that evolution will take place wherever there is replication with modification and the opportunity to adapt to changes in the environment external to the replicating entity that affect the ability of modified replicas to themselves replicate.
The most obvious observable example we have of these mechanisms is life on Earth.
There is no reason whatsoever however to think that evolution is restricted to life or to this planet.
Anything that replicates with modification and has the opportunity to adapt in such a way as to make some modifications more successful at replicating than others will lead to evolution.
Is that universal enough?
Edited by Straggler, : No reason given.