Today, even without a telescope (but much better with), we can make these same observations. It might take an entire year to be certain, but we can prove heliocentrism to ourselves.
That's not true in the least. You're pretending that data and observations arrange and interpret themselves, which is fantasy. We need a unifying
theory to explain observations, whether we're talking about data recorded by astronomers, paleontologists, or molecular biologists. There's no such thing as theory-free science, or self-validating "operation science."
What you're really talking about is the way we as a culture relate to scientific knowledge. Certainly the matter of Darwinian evolution is one that we relate to on a lot of different levels: scientific, social, psychological, and cultural. If you want to study further the ways that Darwinism has been interpreted and misinterpreted throughout the life of the idea, you should read
Ever Since Darwin by Stephen Jay Gould.