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believe that its likely because Belshazzar was ruling babylon single handedly, as a co-regent of his father. there is acheological evidence (Nabonidus Chronicle) to support the fact that Nabonidus did not reside in Babylon but chose to give it to Belshazzar.
The Nabonidus Chronicle indicates that Nabonidus had returned to Babylon by the 17th year of his reign (most of years 12-16 are missing), but fled the city because of the Persian victories. SO the Chronicle does not explain why Nabonidus is not mentioned at all.
The Book of Daniel jumps right from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to Belshazzar (Daniel 4 to Daniel 5) - who is repeatedly described as the son of Nebuchadnezzar (have you READ it ?) when he was in fact the son of the usurper Nabonidus.
If we relied on the book of Daniel we'd not known that Nabonidus or the other kings (or that more than 20 years had passed !). Worse, the Nabonidus Chronicle makes it clear that the Persians were known to be attacking, yet there is no mention of it in Daniel 5 - the conquest just happens, out of the blue
(BTW I've checked Herodotus and he DOES seem to know of Belshazzar - he just gets the names wrong, calling both Nabonidus and Belshazzar "Labynetus")