That in which there are no such things as "points" and "planes" and "parallel lines" and "frictionless pulleys" and "nonelastic ropes" and billiard tables where all the balls are completely spherical, and all the other inventions of mathematics that physicists seem to rely on so dearly, to the exclusion of how pulleys and ropes and billiard tables actually work in real life.
That's just first year undergrad mechanics though, which contains problems that a student can solve in a reasonable length of time. Real world pulleys can be done easily, they just don't give any extra insight into anything, though they are extra work, which is why they aren't given to students. Same with the rest of you examples, they're simplifications made for course work, not actual simplifications made in working physics.